[1]: i.e. after the last events described by Thucydides. The scene is the Hellespont.
[2]: 411 B.C.
[3]: 411 B.C.
[4]: 410 B.C.
[5]: 410 B.C.
[6]: Thus clearing for action.
[7]: 410 B.C.
[8]: I.e., a tax of ten per cent. on all goods passing out through the Bosporus.
[9]: 410 B.C.
[10]: The generals being of the oligarchical party in Syracuse.
[11]: 410 B.C.
[12]: 410 B.C.
[13]: A gymnasium outside the walls.
[14]: 410 B.C.
[15]: 409 B.C.
[16]: The 200 yards foot-race.
[17]: 409 B.C.
[18]: By the Carthaginians, shortly after the events here narrated.
[19]: 409 B.C.
[20]: 409 B.C.
[21]: Coryphasium, or Pylos, had been in the hands of the Athenians since 425 B.C. It was garrisoned largely by Messenians and Helots.
[22]: 408 B.C.
[23]: 408 B.C.
[24]: From sea to sea, i.e. from Bosporus to Propontis. The river broke the line of the stockade, but the latter was carried as near as possible to each bank of the river.
[25]: 408 B.C.
[26]: 408 B.C.
[27]: 408 B.C.
[28]: 407 B.C.
[29]: The reference is uncertain.
[30]: 407 B.C.
[31]: i.e. the maritime provinces of Asia Minor, as contrasted with the interior of the Persian Empire.
[32]: The word caranus means lord.
[33]: 407 B.C.
[34]: When the clothing of the ancient wooden statue of Athena Polias was removed and washed (πλύνειν).
[35]: 407 B.C.
[36]: In 415 B.C., just before the departure of Alcibiades with the Syracusan expedition.
[37]: The Spartans and the Persians.
[38]: 407 B.C.
[39]: From Athens to the temple of Demeter at Eleusis.
[40]: 407 B.C.
[41]: The Attic drachma = about 9 d. or 18 cents; it was the average wage of an ordinary day-labourer.
[42]: Since the war would be brought to a speedy conclusion, the Athenian sailors going over to the Lacedaemonian fleet for the sake of the higher wage.
[43]: A mina=100 drachmae=600 obols. A ship’s crew normally numbered 200 men; hence 30 minae per month per ship=3 obols per day per man.
[44]: 407 B.C.
[45]: cp. Thuc. 8. 46.
[46]: On this incident see Plutarch, Alc. 35.
[47]: 407 B.C.
[48]: Which he had constructed, says Plutarch (Alc.36), to serve him as a place of refuge in case of possible trouble.
[49]: 407 B.C.
[50]: 406 B.C.
[51]: On the Acropolis. On its identity see D’Ooge, Acropolis of Athens, Appendix III.
[52]: 406 B.C.
[53]: 406 B.C.
[54]: 406 B.C.
[55]: 406 B.C.
[56]: I.e., Callicratidas agrees with his allies in regarding the sale of the Athenians as a matter of course. What he objected to was the enslaving of the inhabitants of captured towns which had chanced to be in possession of the Athenians.
[57]: 406 B.C.
[58]: Temporary screens set up along the bulwarks, ordinarily serving for protection against missiles, here for concealment.
[59]: 406 B.C.
[60]: It was only in rare cases that the Athenians employed slaves for military service.
[61]: Who were ordinarily exempt from service at sea.
[62]: That is, between Lesbos and the mainland of Asia Minor.
[63]: 406 B.C.
[64]: Ten taxiarchs, one for each Athenian tribe, commanded the contingents (τάξεις) furnished by their several tribes.
[65]: Manifestly subordinate officers, but the precise meaning of the title in the Athenian navy is unknown.
[66]: The διέκπλους consisted in driving at full speed between two ships of the enemy’s line,—breaking oars and inflicting any other possible damage on the way,—and then turning to attack the sterns or sides of the hostile ships. In the περίπλους the same object was accomplished by rowing around the end of the enemy’s line.
[67]: 406 B.C.
[68]: 406 B.C.
[69]: For the relief of poverty and distress caused by the war, not to be confounded with the theoric fund; see Wilamowitz, Aristoteles und Athen, Vol. II. pp. 212 ff.
[70]: 406 B.C.
[71]: 406 B.C.
[72]: Athenian procedure required in general that a matter should first be considered by the Senate, whose προβούλευμα, or preliminary resolution, was then referred to the Assembly for final action.
[73]: A family festival, at which the members of each Athenian clan gathered together.
[74]: A Board which had charge of condemned prisoners and of the execution of the death sentence.
[75]: Athena, the state deity, into whose treasury a tenth part of the revenue derived from confiscations was regularly paid.
[76]: 406 B.C.
[77]: An executive committee of the Senate, who presided over the meetings of both Senate and Assembly.
[78]: i.e. the βῆμα.
[79]: On Socrates’ conduct at this time cp. Plato, Apol. 32B and Xen. Mem. I. i. 18.
[80]: 406 B.C.
[81]: 406 B.C.
[82]: It was a general principle of Athenian law—perhaps specifically stated in the decree of Cannonus (see above)—that each accused person had the right to a separate trial.
[83]: 406 B.C.
[84]: In 411 B.C. Aristarchus helped to establish the short-lived oligarchical government of the Four Hundred.
[85]: 406 B.C.
[86]: 406 B.C.
[87]: Apparently questioning the legality of Euryptolemus’ proposal. Under the law such an objection should have suspended the consideration of the matter before the Assembly, but in this case it seems to have had no such result.
[88]: A προβολή was a complaint presented to the Assembly, alleging an offence against the state. The Assembly, acting as a grand jury, might then hold the accused for trial before a court.
[89]: 406 B.C.
[90]: A popular leader of the democratic party.
[91]: i.e., in the restoration which followed the overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants (Xen. Hell. 2.4.39-43).
[92]: See I. vi. 36 f.
[93]: 406 B.C.
[94]: 406 B.C.
[95]: See I. v. 11-14.
[96]: 406 B.C.
[97]: 405 B.C.
[98]: 405 B.C.
[99]: 405 B.C.
[100]: The stadium = c. 600 feet.
[101]: See I. vi. 19 and note.
[102]: 405 B.C.
[103]: One of the state triremes, which were employed for various public missions and as dispatch-boats.
[104]: 405 B.C.
[105]: 405 B.C.
[106]: 405 B.C.
[107]: When Melos surrendered to the Athenians, in 416 B.C., the men who were taken were put to death and the women and children sold into slavery (Thuc. v. 116). The Aeginetans were expelled from their island in 431 B.C. Seven years later a large number of them were captured in their place of refuge, in Peloponnesus, and put to death (Thuc. ii. 27 and iv. 57). The other peoples mentioned had been similarly exiled, enslaved, or massacred.
[108]: 405 B.C.
[109]: 405 B.C.
[110]: 405 B.C.
[111]: i.e., the Persian wars.
[112]: 405 B.C.
[113]: 404 B.C.
[114]: See critical note on the text.
[115]: i.e., those of Cleisthenes and Solon, as contrasted with the radical, extreme democracy of more recent times. Cp. Aristot. Const. Ath. 29.17
[116]: 404 B.C.
[117]: 404 B.C.
[118]: 404 B.C.
[119]: 404 B.C.
[120]: 404 B.C.
[121]: 404 B.C.
[122]: 404 B.C.
[123]: See note on I. vii. 28.
[124]: 404 B.C.
[125]: See I. vi. 35, vii. 4 ff.
[126]: 404 B.C.
[127]: 404 B.C.
[128]: 404 B.C.
[129]: 404 B.C.
[130]: Commanding the harbour of Piraeus.
[131]: 404 B.C.
[132]: i.e., could equip themselves at their own expense as horsemen or (μετ’ ἀσπίδων) as hoplites.
[133]: Separating the Senate from the auditorium.
[134]: 404 B.C.
[135]: See on I. vii. 10.
[136]: 404 B.C.
[137]: The game consisted in throwing the last drops from a wine-cup into a basin, at the same time pronouncing the name and wishing the health of the person whom one loved.
[138]: 404 B.C.
[139]: 404 B.C.
[140]: 404 B.C.
[141]: A building designed for musical performances. It was just outside the city, to the south-east.
[142]: 404 B.C.
[143]: On the eastern side of the Piraeus peninsula.
[144]: The architect of the market-place, as well as of the whole town of Piraeus.
[145]: 404 B.C.
[146]: i.e. Ares.
[147]: 404 B.C.
[148]: Worn underneath the breastplate. The victors, then, appropriated the arms and armour of the dead, but not their clothing.
[149]: i.e. in the Eleusinian mysteries.
[150]: 404 B.C.
[151]: 404 B.C.
[152]: 403 B.C.
[153]: i.e. in order to serve both as horsemen and as hoplites. See below and cp. note on iii. 48.
[154]: i.e. outside the walls (see note on Odeum, 9). In their distrust of one another (see above) they sought by this means to prevent desertions to Piraeus.
[155]: A favoured class of resident aliens, the ἰσοτελεῖς, stood upon an equal footing with Athenian citizens in respect to taxes.
[156]: 403 B.C.
[157]: 403 B.C.
[158]: Apparently the inlet to the west of the main harbour of Piraeus.
[159]: 403 B.C.
[160]: I.e. the youngest ten year-classes, each year-class including those who reached military age (I.e., the age of 20) in the same year.
[161]: The title of the commander of a Lacedaemonian regiment.
[162]: 403 B.C.
[163]: 403 B.C.
[164]: 403 B.C.
[165]: 401 B.C.
[166]: 401 B.C.
[167]: Artaxerxes.
[168]: At Cunaxa, near Babylon, in the autumn of 401 B.C.
[169]: Unknown except for this reference. It would seem that Xenophon’s own Anabasis was not published at the time when these words were written.
[170]: 400 B.C.
[171]: 400 B.C.
[172]: 399 B.C.
[173]: 399 B.C.
[174]: Xerxes, in 480 B.C. Herod. vii. 101 ff.
[175]: Because Cyrus the Great settled there a number of captured Egyptians. Cyrop. VII. i. 45.
[176]: 399 B.C.
[177]: part of it was included in the satrapy of Pharnabazus.
[178]: A district in north-western Asia Minor. The northern part of it was included in the satrapy of Pharnabazus.
[179]: 399 B.C.
[180]: 399 B.C.
[181]: 399 B.C.
[182]: 399 B.C.
[183]: 399 B.C.
[184]: 399 B.C.
[185]: King of the Odrysians, who dwelt across the strait (i.e., the Bosporus) in Thrace.
[186]: 399 B.C.
[187]: 398 B.C.
[188]: 398 B.C.
[189]: Probably Xenophon himself.
[190]: 398 B.C.
[191]: 398 B.C.
[192]: 397 B.C.
[193]: 397 B.C.
[194]: 397 B.C.
[195]: 399 B.C.
[196]: I.e., at the Olympic games.
[197]: A Lacedaemonian.
[198]: φρουρὰν φαίνειν was a Lacedaemonian phrase covering both the declaration of war and the mobilization of the army.
[199]: 399 B.C.
[200]: 398 B.C.
[201]: 398 B.C.
[202]: 397 B.C.
[203]: 397 B.C.
[204]: The Pisatans, who had had charge of the Olympic shrine and games up to 580 B.C.
[205]: 397 B.C.
[206]: Leotychides was reputed to be the son of Alcibiades. For the incident here mentioned, cp. Plut. Alc. 23.
[207]: Agesilaus was lame.
[208]: 397 B.C.
[209]: i.e., those who enjoyed full rights of citizenship, the Spartiatae.
[210]: The Spartiatae, always few in number in comparison with the other elements of the Laconian population (see below), were now becoming steadily fewer by reason of constant wars and the demoralising influence of wealth and luxury.
[211]: 397 B.C.
[212]: The reference is uncertain.
[213]: 397 B.C.
[214]: 397 B.C.
[215]: 396 B.C.
[216]: 396 B.C.
[217]: In the cities which fell under his control after the battle of Aegospotami Lysander had established oligarchical governments, the supreme power being lodged in a council of ten, corresponding to the Thirty at Athens.
[218]: Spartan commanders always offered sacrifices to Zeus and Athena before crossing the Laconian frontier.
[219]: The presiding officials of the Boeotian League.
[220]: 396 B.C.
[221]: 396 B.C.
[222]: See 2 above.
[223]: 396 B.C.
[224]: 396 B.C.
[225]: The plethrum=c. 100 feet.
[226]: The phalanx of this period was sometimes four, seldom more than eight, deep. The tendency of later tactics was to increase its depth greatly (cp. IV. ii. 18, VI. iv. 12), a tendency which culminated in the famous Macedonian phalanx.
[227]: 396 B.C.
[228]: 395 B.C.
[229]: 395 B.C.
[230]: I.e. the Greek troops which had served under Cyrus, and now made part of Agesilaus’ army. Cp. III. i. 6, ii. 7.
[231]: 395 B.C.
[232]: Cp. II. iv. 32 and the note thereon.
[233]: 395 B.C.
[234]: So that the peltasts might not appropriate to themselves booty which belonged to all in common.
[235]: 395 B.C.
[236]: 395 B.C.
[237]: 395 B.C.
[238]: i.e., of the spoils of the Peloponnesian War.
[239]: Cp. II. iv. 30.
[240]: 395 B.C.
[241]: Cp. II. ii. 19.
[242]: Cp. II. iv. 30.
[243]: Cp. II. iv. 11, 24, etc.
[244]: 395 B.C.
[245]: 395 B.C.
[246]: 395 B.C.
[247]: 395 B.C.
[248]: i.e. the other Peloponnesians (cp. 17 above).
[249]: 395 B.C.
[250]: Cp. II. iv. 29-39.
[251]: Cp. III. iv. 29.
[252]: 395 B.C.
[253]: Cp. III. iv. 20.
[254]: 395 B.C.
[255]: 395 B.C.
[256]: 395 B.C.
[257]: 395 B.C.
[258]: As described in the Anabasis.
[259]: 395 B.C.
[260]: Son of Spithridates.
[261]: Cp. I. i. 6, 24, 25, etc.
[262]: 395 B.C.
[263]: 395 B.C.
[264]: 395 B.C.
[265]: The stadium, or two hundred yards’ dash, was a race for men and Eualces’ son was too young to be eligible, but his unusual height told in his favour.
[266]: 394 B.C.
[267]: Cp. III. v. l.
[268]: 394 B.C.
[269]: 394 B.C.
[270]: Xerxes.
[271]: Son of Pausanias; cp. III. v. 25.
[272]: 394 B.C.
[273]: Apparently the Argolic Gulf.
[274]: The Corinthian Gulf.
[275]: Of the Nemea.
[276]: 394 B.C.
[277]: i.e., on account of some religious festival.
[278]: In this position they were opposite the Lacedaemonians, who always took the right wing.
[279]: 394 B.C.
[280]: Evidently agreed upon. c.p. Xen. Hell. 4.2.13
[281]: Goddess of the chase.
[282]: 394 B.C.
[283]: i.e. on the right side, the shield being carried on the left arm.
[284]: 394 B.C.
[285]: 394 B.C.
[286]: Cp. III. iv. 29.
[287]: 394 B.C.
[288]: Cp. II. i. 29. Through the influence of Pharnabazus, Conon had been commissioned a Persian admiral. His fleet was Greek merely in the sense that it was manned by Greek mercenaries and volunteers.
[289]: I.e., being practically volunteers (cp. ii. 4).
[290]: Cp. ii. 17.
[291]: 394 B.C.
[292]: 394 B.C.
[293]: 394 B.C.
[294]: The Dorian Apollo.
[295]: 394 B.C.
[296]: 393 B.C.
[297]: 392 B.C.
[298]: The festival of Artemis Euclea.
[299]: 392 B.C.
[300]: The citadel of Corinth.
[301]: 392 B.C.
[302]: The port of Corinth.
[303]: 392 B.C.
[304]: 392 B.C.
[305]: Castor and Pollux.
[306]: 392 B.C.
[307]: I.e., the walls which connected Corinth with Lechaeum. cp. 7.
[308]: I.e., the Sicyonians.
[309]: 391 B.C.
[310]: 391 B.C.
[311]: 391 B.C.
[312]: 390 B.C.
[313]: A mountainous peninsula of considerable extent on the north-western side of the isthmus of Corinth (see note 2, below). At its western extremity was the Heraeum, or temple of Hera (see 5, below), near which was a small lake (6). In the north-eastern part of the peninsula was the fortress of Oenoe (5).
[314]: The term was used by the Greeks, not (as in the preceding note) of the entire neck of land connecting Peloponnesus with northern Greece, but only of its narrowest part, some three or four miles north-east of the city of Corinth. Toward the eastern side of this Isthmus proper was the famous sanctuary of Poseidon where, every two years, the Isthmian games were celebrated.
[315]: 390 B.C.
[316]: Situated near the shore on the road leading from the Isthmus to Piraeum.
[317]: 390 B.C.
[318]: See note 2, p. 323.
[319]: See note 1, p. 323.
[320]: See note 1, p. 323.
[321]: c.p. 4.4.2
[322]: The reference is uncertain.
[323]: See note 1, p. 323
[324]: 390 B.C.
[325]: Described in 11-17, below.
[326]: The tent companions of a Spartan king were the six polemarchs, or commanders of regiments, and three other Spartiatae. Xen. de Rep. Lac. xiii. 1.
[327]: 390 B.C.
[328]: A Boeotian port on the Corinthian Gulf.
[329]: 390 B.C.
[330]: 390 B.C.
[331]: Slaves who carried the shields of the hoplites.
[332]: i.e., saved both in life and in honour.
[333]: See note on II. iv. 32.
[334]: 390 B.C.
[335]: Cp. iv. 17.
[336]: 390 B.C.
[337]: 389 B.C.
[338]: 389 B.C.
[339]: 389 B.C.
[340]: 389 B.C.
[341]: 389 B.C.
[342]: Hence, instead of crossing directly from Calydon, the army was compelled to proceed a long distance to the eastward, through difficult country (see above), to reach the Strait of Rhium.
[343]: 388 B.C.
[344]: 388 B.C.
[345]: The calendars of different Greek states varied so much that sharp practice of the sort here alleged, i.e., shifting the times of religious festivals to meet an emergency, was not difficult or unusual. Cp. ii. 16 and Thuc. v. 54.
[346]: To whom earthquakes were ascribed by the Greeks.
[347]: 888 B.C.
[348]: Cp. III. ii. 24.
[349]: The reference is unknown.
[350]: 388 B.C.
[351]: Cp. iii. 10 f.
[352]: 394 B.C.
[353]: Cp. III. i. 9.
[354]: 394 B.C.
[355]: i.e., in flight from their several towns.
[356]: 394 B.C.
[357]: Cp. III. ii. 10.
[358]: 394 B.C.
[359]: 393 B.C.
[360]: Destroyed at the close of the Peloponnesian War. cp. II. ii. 20-23.
[361]: 393 B.C.
[362]: 392 B.C.
[363]: 392 B.C.
[364]: Literally, were words only; i.e. were not treated as a reasonable basis for a peace.
[365]: 392 B.C.
[366]: These islands were among the earliest possessions of Athens. They were lost at the close of the Peloponnesian War, but had recently been recovered.
[367]: Cp. iv. 6.
[368]: 391 B.C.
[369]: 391 B.C.
[370]: A heavy circular flat stone. The object was to see who could make the longest throw.
[371]: 391 B.C.
[372]: 391 B.C.
[373]: Cp. 11.
[374]: 390 B.C.
[375]: 390 B.C.
[376]: cp. I. i. 22 and note.
[377]: 390 B.C.
[378]: 389 B.C.
[379]: 389 B.C.
[380]: 389 B.C.
[381]: See chaps. iv. and v.
[382]: 389 B.C.
[383]: 389 B.C.
[384]: 389 B.C.
[385]: 389 B.C.
[386]: 388 B.C.
[387]: 388 B.C.
[388]: The reference is uncertain.
[389]: 388 B.C.
[390]: 388 B.C.
[391]: 388 B.C.
[392]: A quay where merchants displayed (cp. δείκνυμι) their wares.
[393]: 388 B.C.
[394]: 387 B.C.
[395]: 387 B.C.
[396]: 387 B.C.
[397]: cp. IV. vii. 2 f. and note.
[398]: 387 B.C.
[399]: Lacedaemonian officers who assembled and commanded the contingents of the allies.
[400]: 387 B.C.
[401]: cp. IV. iv. 2.
[402]: 386 B.C.
[403]: 386 B.C.
[404]: cp. IV. v. 18.
[405]: In 418 B.C.
[406]: 385 B.C.
[407]: Who was still living, though deposed and in exile.cp. III. v. 25.
[408]: 385 B.C.
[409]: 385 B.C.
[410]: 384 B.C.
[411]: 384 B.C.
[412]: 383 B.C.
[413]: 383 B.C.
[414]: 383 B.C.
[415]: 383 B.C.
[416]: The Aeginetan obol was worth nearly half as much again as the Attic;cp. I. v. 5.
[417]: 383 B.C.
[418]: i.e., two drachmas.
[419]: A people who lived on the northern frontier of Laconia.
[420]: 383 B.C.
[421]: The polemarchs were the chief officials of Thebes.
[422]: 383 B.C.
[423]: The Theban Acropolis, which was the usual meeting-place of the senate.
[424]: 383 B.C.
[425]: 383 B.C.
[426]: 382 B.C.
[427]: 382 B.C.
[428]: 382 B.C.
[429]: 382 B.C.
[430]: 381 B.C.
[431]: 381 B.C.
[432]: 381 B.C.
[433]: i.e., were brought up at Sparta and went through the usual course of Spartan discipline. Xenophon’s own sons belonged to this class.
[434]: 381 B.C.
[435]: cp. ii. 10
[436]: 381 B.C.
[437]: cp. IV. iv. 15.
[438]: 381 B.C.
[439]: 380 B.C.
[440]: 380 B.C.
[441]: 379 B.C.
[442]: 379 B.C.
[443]: 379 B.C.
[444]: 379 B.C.
[445]: See note on ii. 25. It seems likely that the polemarchs were three in number, although Archias and Philippus (see below) are the only ones whom Xenophon mentions by name.
[446]: 379 B.C.
[447]: 379 B.C.
[448]: The shrine of the Theban hero Amphion.
[449]: 379 B.C.
[450]: Successor of Agesipolis.
[451]: 379 B.C.
[452]: Mt. Cithaeron.
[453]: cp. VI. iv. 2-15.
[454]: 379 B.C.
[455]: 378 B.C.
[456]: cp. IV. viii. 9, 10.
[457]: 378 B.C.
[458]: 378 B.C.
[459]: 378 B.C.
[460]: The general gathering place of the Spartans was on the banks of the Eurotas.
[461]: 378 B.C.
[462]: Seven years later;cp. VI. iv. 14.
[463]: 378 B.C.
[464]: 378 B.C.
[465]: 378 B.C.
[466]: 378 B.C.
[467]: i.e., formerly;cp. 1.
[468]: 377 B.C.
[469]: See 36 above.
[470]: 377 B.C.
[471]: 377 B.C.
[472]: 377 B.C.
[473]: 376 B.C.
[474]: 376 B.C.
[475]: See III. iii. 3 and note.
[476]: 376 B.C.
[477]: 375 B.C.
[478]: 375 B.C.
[479]: 375 B.C.
[480]: 374 B.C.
[481]: Four regiments was two-thirds of the Spartan army; each one of the allies was therefore required to send out the same fraction of its total forces.
[482]: 374 B.C.
[483]: A title of honour which Greek states often gave to aliens who had rendered them service.
[484]: Tyrant of Pherae, a city in south-eastern Thessaly.
[485]: 374 B.C.
[486]: 374 B.C.
[487]: Over-lord, a Thessalian title.
[488]: Therefore Thessaly was famous for its cavalry, and produced hoplites also (see above); but peltasts — which were at their best in a rough country — could nevertheless be obtained, Jason urges, from the mountainous regions which adjoined Thessaly and were likely to become subject to him (see below).
[489]: 374 B.C.
[490]: 374 B.C.
[491]: i.e., not a king.
[492]: 374 B.C.
[493]: 374 B.C.
[494]: Ruler of Crannon and Tagus of Thessaly in the period of the Persian wars.
[495]: 374 B.C.
[496]: Tyrant of Syracuse.
[497]: 374 B.C.
[498]: 374 B.C.
[499]: cp. i. 7.
[500]: 373 B.C.
[501]: cp. II. i. 28.
[502]: 373 B.C.
[503]: Under the arrangement described in v. ii. 21.
[504]: 373 B.C.
[505]: The ἀναστροφή involved two movements, (1) a facing about, followed by a march to the rear, and (2) a turning of the line until it stood behind the adjacent troops, thus doubling the depth of the phalanx. In this case the enemy’s attack prevented the accomplishment of the second movement.
[506]: 373 B.C.
[507]: 373 B.C.
[508]: Islands situated off Pylos in Laconia.
[509]: 373 B.C.
[510]: 373 B.C.
[511]: 372 B.C.
[512]: The fleet of the Corcyraeans (cp. 24 above) having been added to Iphicrates’ original seventy (14) ships. The text, however, appears to be faulty.
[513]: 371 B.C.
[514]: 371 B.C.
[515]: The Plataeans and Thespians had, in fact, won especial distinction in the Persian wars.
[516]: Of the Eleusinian mysteries.cp. II. iv. 20.
[517]: 371 B.C.
[518]: Triptolemus of Eleusis had, according to the legend, carried from Attica throughout Greece both the cult of Demeter and the knowledge of her art — agriculture. Heracles was the traditional ancestor of the Spartan kings (cp. III. iii.) while the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux, were putative sons of Tyndareus of Sparta.
[519]: 371 B.C.
[520]: 371 B.C.
[521]: 371 B.C.
[522]: At the close of the Peloponnesian war the Lacedaemonians rejected the proposal urged by many of their allies, that Athens should be destroyed.cp. II. ii. 19, 20.
[523]: 371 B.C.
[524]: 371 B.C.
[525]: i.e., insisting upon their claim to headship in Boeotia.
[526]: 371 B.C.
[527]: i.e., for a war fund.
[528]: 371 B.C.
[529]: 371 B.C.
[530]: 371 B.C.
[531]: i.e., the half-company numbered thirty-six men.
[532]: 371 B.C.
[533]: 371 B.C.
[534]: A Spartan festival, celebrated with singing, dancing, and gymnastic exhibitions.
[535]: cp. i. 1 and note.
[536]: i.e., now at Leuctra.
[537]: See Xen. Hell. 5.2.5-7.
[538]: 371 B.C.
[539]: 371 B.C.
[540]: 371 B.C.
[541]: 371 B.C.
[542]: Thermopylae.
[543]: Thermopylae
[544]: See Xen. Hell. 6.1.18
[545]: 370 B.C.
[546]: 370 B.C.
[547]: i.e., an absolute and irresponsible ruler, whereas the position of Tagus was a legal, elective office.
[548]: 370 B.C.
[549]: 369 B.C.
[550]: 358 B.C.
[551]: 358 B.C.
[552]: Xenophon probably died in 354 B.C. Hence this portion of his narrative was written between 358 (see above) and 354 B.C.
[553]: 371 B.C.
[554]: 371 B.C.
[555]: cp. v. ii. 7.
[556]: cp. v. ii. 3.
[557]: 370 B.C.
[558]: 370 B.C.
[559]: 370 B.C.
[560]: 370 B.C.
[561]: 370 B.C.
[562]: 370 B.C.
[563]: The scene is a long, narrow valley. The rear (οὐρά) of the Lacedaemonian line is at the head of the valley, while the van, where Agesilaus has his position, is at the opening of the valley into the plain. The enemy are gathering upon the hills on one side of the valley. Agesilaus first faces his troops toward the enemy (τὰ ὅπλα . . . φαίνων). The marching line is thus transformed, technically, into a phalanx, or line of battle. Then, by the ἀναστροφή (see note on ii. 21), the οὐρά, i.e., the original rear of the marching line, is folded back and gradually drawn out, behind the phalanx, to the open end of the valley. The entire army now marches out into the plain. There the process just described is reversed, so bringing the line back to its original form.
[564]: 370 B.C.
[565]: 370 B.C.
[566]: The Theban army according to Plutarch (Ages. 31) numbered 40,000 hoplites, while Diodorus (xv. 62) puts the combined forces at more than 70,000 men.
[567]: cp. iv. ii. 17.
[568]: 370 B.C.
[569]: 370 B.C.
[570]: 370 B.C.
[571]: See note on iii. 6.
[572]: A most striking indication of Xenophon’s pro-Spartan feeling (see Introd. p. x) is found in the fact that he here omits all reference to the greatest of the humiliations which Sparta suffered at this time: (1) the re-establishment by Epaminondas, the Theban general, of the independence of Messenia, which for centuries had been subject to the Spartans; and (2) the founding of the great city, Megalopolis, as the capital of an independent Arcadia. Nevertheless, Xenophon alludes several times in the following book to the accomplished fact of Messenian independence and to Megalopolis.
[573]: 370 B.C.
[574]: The house of the Peisistratidae, in 511 B.C.
[575]: In the so-called Third Messenian War, 464-455 B.C.
[576]: Referring to the formation of the Confederacy of Delos, 477 B.C.
[577]: 370 B.C.
[578]: 370 B.C.
[579]: 370 B.C.
[580]: 370 B.C.
[581]: See 35 above, and cp. note on iii. 13.
[582]: After the defeat of the legendary expedition of the Seven against Thebes it was only the intervention of the Athenians which compelled the Thebans to permit the burial of the enemy’s dead.
[583]: The sons of Heracles, driven from Peloponnesus by Eurystheus, found protection and aid at Athens.
[584]: 370 B.C.
[585]: cp. II. ii. 8.
[586]: 370 B.C.
[587]: 369 B.C.
[588]: 369 B.C.
[589]: The reference is to the Peloponnesian War, which was terminated by the capture of the Athenian fleet by the Lacedaemonians at Aegospotami (Hell. II. i. 20-32).
[590]: 369 B.C.
[591]: 369 B.C.
[592]: The speaker is referring again to the Peloponnesian War.
[593]: At Leuctra (VI. iv. 1-15).
[594]: 369 B.C.
[595]: 369 B.C.
[596]: The famous Sacred Band.
[597]: 369 B.C.
[598]: 369 B.C.
[599]: 369 B.C.
[600]: 368 B.C.
[601]: cp. v. i. 28.
[602]: See note on VI. v. 32.
[603]: 368 B.C.
[604]: The circumstance was of good omen because Heracles was the traditional ancestor of the Spartan kings.
[605]: 368 B.C.
[606]: 367 B.C.
[607]: The παγκράτιον a regular event in the Greek national games, was a combination of boxing and wrestling.
[608]: 367 B.C.
[609]: See III. v. 5.
[610]: This incident is described in III. iv. 3-4.
[611]: 367 B.C.
[612]: i.e., the Arcadian assembly.
[613]: 367 B.C.
[614]: A mountain range, south-east of Corinth, over which the road from Northern Greece into Peloponnesus passed.
[615]: 367 B.C.
[616]: 367 B.C.
[617]: 367 B.C.
[618]: 366 B.C.
[619]: 370 B.C.
[620]: 370 B.C.
[621]: 369 B.C.
[622]: 369 B.C.
[623]: 369 B.C.
[624]: The wall of the Acropolis on one side made part of the city wall, while on the other side it separated the Acropolis from the lower city. The Arcadians and Argives are manifestly attacking the first mentioned, i.e., outer, part of the wall of the Acropolis; but the precise meaning of κατὰ κεφαλήν is uncertain.
[625]: 369 B.C.
[626]: An allusion to Iliad vi. 484,
[627]: 368 B.C.
[628]: 366 B.C.
[629]: 366 B.C.
[630]: 366 B.C.
[631]: An Athenian general.
[632]: Since the events described in 11-16 above Pellene had rejoined the Lacedaemonian alliance.
[633]: 366 B.C.
[634]: cp. 1.
[635]: 366 B.C.
[636]: Now by the Phliasians.
[637]: 366 B.C.
[638]: 366 B.C.
[639]: 366 B.C.
[640]: See v. iv. 2-12.
[641]: 366 B.C.
[642]: 366 B.C.
[643]: ii. 23.
[644]: 366 B.C.
[645]: cp. i. 38.
[646]: 366 B.C.
[647]: 366 B.C.
[648]: 366 B.C.
[649]: 365 B.C.
[650]: 365 B.C.
[651]: Apparently two bodies of picked troops.
[652]: 365 B.C.
[653]: See ii. 11 and note on ii. 18.
[654]: 365 B.C.
[655]: The λόχος was half a μόρα (regiment).
[656]: 365 B.C.
[657]: The name given to the regular troops of the Arcadian League.
[658]: 365 B.C.
[659]: cp. 16.
[660]: 365 B.C.
[661]: 364 B.C.
[662]: 364 B.C.
[663]: The pentathlum, which immediately followed the horse-race, consisted — as its name implies — of five events, viz., running, jumping, discus-throwing, javelin-hurling, and wrestling. The order of these events is uncertain, except that the wrestling contest was the last, while the foot-race was in all probability the first. The first four events (τὰ δρομικά) were held in the δρόμος, or race-course, the wrestling usually in the open space in front of the treasury steps.
[664]: i.e., had survived the first four events.
[665]: The great altar of Zeus, whose sacredness was expected to protect them from any attack by the Eleans.
[666]: The inner portion of the sacred precinct bore this name.
[667]: 364 B.C.
[668]: Of Zeus.
[669]: Built by merchants or for the shelter and convenience of visitors.
[670]: 363 B.C.
[671]: i.e., of Olympia.
[672]: 363 B.C.
[673]: 363 B.C.
[674]: cp. 34.
[675]: 363 B.C.
[676]: 363 B.C.
[677]: 362 B.C.
[678]: 362 B.C.
[679]: cp. VI. iv. 34 f.
[680]: i.e., of hostility to Thebes.
[681]: 362 B.C.
[682]: cp. iv. 20.
[683]: 362 B.C.
[684]: i.e., the outlying portion of the city. Sparta had no walls.
[685]: Difficult ground, apparently.
[686]: 362 B.C.
[687]: cp. 10.
[688]: 362 B.C.
[689]: Apparently either by the Theban government or by agreement with the allies.
[690]: 362 B.C.
[691]: The Theban device.
[692]: 362 B.C.
[693]: The entire army, marching in a long column of even width, with Epaminondas at the head, right-faced upon reaching the desired position, thus forming a long battle-line, of even, but slight, depth, with Epaminondas on the left wing. He wished, however, to increase the depth of this wing. He accordingly caused successive companies, from the centre and the right wing, to left face again and march along behind the line to the left wing, thus gradually increasing its depth.
[694]: 362 B.C.
[695]: 362 B.C.