[1]: In regard to the persons mentioned and the events sketched in sections 1-4, see Introduction, pp. 231 sqq.
[2]: Castolus was the mustering place for all the Persian forces of western Asia Minor. See Introd. p. 232.
[3]: See Introd. p. vii, note 1.
[4]: i.e. heavy-armed infantrymen, the regular troops of the line in Greek warfare. In this instance, of course, they are serving Cyrus as a bodyguard.
[5]: Barbarians is a convenient, but not an accurate, translation for βάρβαροι, which was simply the name the Greeks gave, without implying reproach, to all peoples who were not Greeks. In general, then, it meant foreigners; in most cases in the Anabasis (as here) it could be translated Persians.
[6]: See Introd. p. viii.
[7]: For the reason for his banishment see Xen. Anab. 2.6.2-4.
[8]: The daric was a Persian gold coin, equivalent in weight of gold to 1 2s. 2 1/2d. or $5.40, but in purchasing power to a much larger sum.
[9]: i.e. the Greeks on the European side of the Hellespont, who suffered from the incursions of their Thracian neighbours.
[10]: See Introd. p. vii, note 1.
[11]: See Xen. Anab. 1.1.6.
[12]: Peltasts differed from ordinary light-armed troops (cp. γυμνῆτας above) only in the fact that they carried a small, light shield, the πέλπη—whence their name.
[13]: σταθμός = lit. a stopping-place, hence a day’s journey.
[14]: A Persian measure of distance, equivalent to 30 Greek stadia, or about 3.3 English miles.
[15]: The plethrum = about 97 English feet.
[16]: Many of the cities of Asia were then, as now, deserted.
[17]: Who had been sent by Aristippus (see 1 above).
[18]: A title often given by the Greeks to the king of Persia.
[19]: Marsyas, a Phrygian satyr, was so proud of his skill with the flute that he presumed to challenge Apollo, god of music and master of the lyre. The myth appears to be a record of the supersession of the flute by the lyre in Greek favour.
[20]: viz. of Salamis, in 480 B.C.
[21]: Here used in the general sense, i.e. to include all kinds of light-armed troops; cp. note on 3 above. Xenophon here uses round numbers. The exact totals, according to the figures previously given, are 10,600 hoplites and 2,300 light-armed troops.
[22]: In honour of Lycaean Zeus, i.e. Zeus of Mt. Lycaeus, in Arcadia.
[23]: Or Tilemarket.
[24]: Or Ca sterfield.
[25]: King in name, but in fact a dependent of the king of Persia. Syennesis was seeking, as the narrative indicates, to keep on good terms with both Cyrus and Artaxerxes, secretly aiding the former, while still making a show of resistance (see 21 below) to his march.
[26]: This story is less familiar than its sequel, viz. that for his kindly treatment of the satyr (Silenus) Midas was granted by Dionysus the fulfilment of any request he might make; he requested that all he touched should turn to gold, and so died of hunger.
[27]: Greek troops were not supplied with rations in the modern way, but bought their provisions from day to day from sutlers who accompanied the army. The commander’s duty ended with providing a market (ἀγορὰν παρέχειν).
[28]: In leaving Phrygia Cyrus was passing beyond the limits of his own satrapy. Introd. p. viii.
[29]: A title of honour at the Persian court.
[30]: Cyrus had asked the Lacedaemonians to show themselves as good friends to him as he had been to them in their war against Athens (Xen. Hell. 2.1.1). The aid they now rendered (see also Xen. Anab. 1.4.2-3) was in response to that request.
[31]: i.e. whether or not the reasons just given were the true ones.
[32]: The birth-place of the apostle Paul.
[33]: Famous as the scene of one of the most important victories of Alexander the Great (333 B.C.).
[34]: cp. 20, above.
[35]: i.e. such gifts as could be bestowed only by the Persian king. Cyrus is already assuming royal prerogatives.
[36]: As described in Xen. Anab. 1.1.2.
[37]: i.e. in the form of extra pay.
[38]: The stadium = 582 1/2 English feet.
[39]: See Xen. Anab. 1.2.21.
[40]: See Xen. Anab. 1.1.7.
[41]: See note on Xen. Anab. 1.2.21. These seven hundred hoplites under Cheirisophus had been sent by the Lacedaemonian authorities to aid Cyrus, and were the only troops in his army which stood in any official connection with any Greek state.
[42]: Of which Abrocomas was satrap.
[43]: See Xen. Anab. 1.3.7.
[44]: A city in Caria.
[45]: According to the legend, the Syrian goddess Derceto had been transformed into a fish, and her daughter, Semiramis, into a dove.
[46]: cp. the English pin-money.
[47]: The troops are not now asking for additional pay, as at Tarsus (Xen. Anab. 1.3.21), but for a special donation. See below.
[48]: See Xen. Anab. 1.1.2.
[49]: The Attic mina was equivalent (but see note on Xen. Anab. 1.1.9) to about 3 1 5s. or $18.00; Cyrus probably means here the Persian mina, which was worth about one-fourth more than the Attic.
[50]: Mercenaries were usually expected to make their own way home after a campaign had ended and did not receive pay for the time consumed by the homeward journey.
[51]: i.e. easy service.
[52]: The Lydians were notorious as hucksters.
[53]: See Xen. Anab. 1.2.18 and the note thereon, and Xen. Anab. 1.3.14.
[54]: The obol = about 1 1/2d. or 3 cents. The choenix = about 1 quart. The prices stated were, roughly, about fifty times normal prices at Athens.
[55]: The Greeks of Xenophon’s time ate comparatively little meat under any circumstances, but in the Arabian desert a diet of meat constituted a real hardship.
[56]: i.e. in readiness to support him in case of need.
[57]: See Xen. Anab. 1.2.9.
[58]: i.e. in the review mentioned in 1.
[59]: There is a discrepancy, as yet unexplained, between these numbers and those previously given. cp. Xen. Anab. 1.2.9 and note; also Xen. Anab. 1.2.25 and Xen. Anab. 1.4.3.
[60]: The number is probably overstated. Ctesias, the King’s Greek physician (see viii. 26), is said by Plutarch (Artax. 13) to have given it as 400,000.
[61]: ὀργυά = the reach of the outstretched arms (cp. ὀρέγω), or, as an exact unit of measurement, 6 Greek feet = 5 ft. 10 in. English measure.
[62]: Described by Xenophon in Xen. Anab. 2.4.12. It extended from the Euphrates north east to the Tigris, and was built by the Babylonians, apparently in the sixth century B.C., as a defence against the Medes. It is supposed that the southern part of the wall was now in ruins. Such a supposition serves to explain (1) the need of the King’s trench, and (2) the fact that Xenophon does not describe the wall here, but only in Xen. Anab. 2.4.12.
[63]: It would seem that the rapid approach of Cyrus had prevented the King from completing the trench.
[64]: Hence 10 (Attic) talents = 3,000 (Persian) darics. A talent was 60 minas, and therefore a mina was counted equivalent to 5 darics. The discrepancy between this result and the values stated previously (see notes on i. 9 and iv. 13) is explained by the fact that silver was worth much more at this time, relatively to gold, than at present.
[65]: i.e. the middle of the forenoon.
[66]: i.e. the Greek army as a whole constituted the right wing of Cyrus’ entire army, his Persian troops forming the centre and the left wing. Clearchus and Menon, then, occupy the right and left wings, respectively, of the Greek contingent.
[67]: The author. He always speaks of himself in the third person.
[68]: i.e. back again, from the last man to the first.
[69]: i.e. Ares.
[70]: See Xen. Anab. 1.7.11.
[71]: See note on Xen. Anab. 1.7.11.
[72]: See Introd., p. vii, note 1; also Xen. Anab. 1.1.2.
[73]: See Xen. Anab. 1.1.6 fin.
[74]: See Xen. Anab. 1.1.7 and Xen. Anab. 1.2.2.
[75]: A term habitually applied by the Greeks to the subjects of an absolute monarch, especially those of the Persian king.
[76]: The Greeks had advanced straight forward from their position on the right wing and the King straight forward from his centre (which was beyond the left wing of Cyrus’ entire, i.e. Greek and barbarian, army); hence the two had passed by one another at a considerable distance. The question now was, whether the King on his return march would move obliquely, so as to meet the Greeks, or would follow the same route by which he advanced, thus keeping clear of them again.
[77]: See Xen. Anab. 1.8.4-5.
[78]: At this point the fronts of the two armies—which were facing in opposite directions, and, further, each in the direction opposite to that which it took in the first encounter—were in approximately the same straight line. It should be noted that Xenophon means by the left wing of the Greeks that which had been the left wing in the original formation, but had now become the right.
[79]: The Greek line was now, as in the beginning, at right angles to the Euphrates. The movement here described would (if executed) have made it parallel to the river, the latter serving as a defence in the rear.
[80]: Xenophon seems to mean that the King now moved to the right until his flank (like that of the Greeks—see the preceding notes) rested upon the Euphrates. The two armies, therefore, were again squarely facing one another, though with positions relatively reversed (see note 2 above).
[81]: The MSS. here prefix the following summary of the preceding narrative.
[82]: A king of Sparta who was deposed in 491 B.C., fled to Persia, and afterwards accompanied Xerxes in his expedition against Greece. Teuthrania (in western Asia Minor) made part of the territory given him by Xerxes as a reward for this service.
[83]: See note on Xen. Anab. 1.5.6.
[84]: See note on Xen. Anab. 1.8.1.
[85]: These words recall the famous answer which Leonidas at Thermopylae made to the same demand: μολὼν λαβέ, Come and take them.
[86]: Section 6 in the manuscript is as follows. This passage is regarded by edd. generally as an interpolation.
[87]: See Xen. Anab. 2.1.3.
[88]: See note on Xen. Anab. 1.2.18.
[89]: Hoplites, because of their heavy equipment, were ineffective in a pursuit, especially when an enemy fled, as in the battle of I. viii., long before they were within striking distance. Horsemen, of course, were at their best in following up a routed enemy.
[90]: Satrap of Armenia
[91]: See note on Xen. Anab. 1.7.15. The Greeks had twice already, once on the advance and again on the retreat, crossed the original line of this wall. Now, turning to the eastward (see the map), they reach it at a point where it is still standing, and pass within it, i.e. to the south-eastern, or Babylonian, side of it.
[92]: cp. Xen. Anab. 1.4.9.
[93]: i.e. through the mother who loved him better than her reigning son Artaxerxes (Xen. Anab. 1.1.4).
[94]: The ἔφεδρος, in the language of Greek athletics, was the man who had drawn a bye, and so waited for the result of a contest in order to engage the victor.
[95]: The first clause states a fact of Persian court etiquette; the second is apparently intended to give Clearchus the impression that Tissaphernes aspires to the Persian throne, and for that reason really desires the friendship and help of the Greeks.
[96]: i.e. the Greek colonists in the Thracian Chersonese.
[97]: The ephors, five in number, were the ruling officials at Sparta.
[98]: But not in the Anabasis or in any of Xenophon’s other works. Perhaps the author was writing under the impression that he had stated these arguments in Xen. Anab. 1.1.9.
[99]: A celebrated rhetorician and orator, whose enormous fee of 100 minae ( 375 or $1,800) was almost as famous as himself.
[100]: See Xen. Anab. 1.1.10, Xen. Anab. 1.2.1, and note on Xen. Anab. 1.2.6.
[101]: The MSS. here prefix the following summary of the preceding narrative.
[102]: See Xen. Anab. 2.4.6 and the note.
[103]: The philosopher, whose follower and friend Xenophon had been from his youth.
[104]: See Introd., pp. 231-233.
[105]: King Zeus in the dream is the Persian King in the interpretation.
[106]: cp. Xen. Anab. 1.1.3 f.
[107]: The Greeks considered it effeminate for a man to wear ear-rings. His bored ears, therefore, marked Apollonides as a barbarian.
[108]: The Lydians were proverbially effeminate.
[109]: The division (τάξις) was not a body of any specified size, but comprised the troops under the command of a single general (στρατηγός). See below.
[110]: Xen. Anab. 2.3.18.
[111]: Xen. Anab. 2.5.27
[112]: Xen. Anab. 2.1.4
[113]: Xen. Anab. 2.2.8
[114]: The sneeze was a lucky sign, and particularly lucky because it came at just the time when Xenophon was uttering the word σωτηρίας, deliverance.
[115]: Zeus Soter, who was presumed (see below) to have sent the omen.
[116]: In the battle of Marathon, 490 B.C.
[117]: According to Herodotus (Hdt. 6.117) the Persian dead numbered 6,400.
[118]: Herodotus (Hdt. 7.185) puts the whole number of fighting men in Xerxes’ armament at 2,641,610.
[119]: By sea at Salamis (480 B.C.) and by land at Plataea (479 B.C.).
[120]: cp. Xen. Anab. 1.9.31-10.1.
[121]: e.g., the Tigris (Xen. Anab. 2.4.13-24).
[122]: viz., in leading the Greeks across (i.e. to the eastern bank of) the Tigris. For, Xenophon argues (see below), the Greeks will now be compelled to march to the source of the river in order to cross, and hence will be living on the country so much the longer a time.
[123]: Peoples of Asia Minor who were in almost constant rebellion against Persian authority; cp. esp. Xen. Anab. 1.2.19, Xen. Anab. 2.5.13.
[124]: An allusion to Hom. Od. 9.94 ff.
[125]: Clearchus was notoriously a stern disciplinarian; cp. Xen. Anab. 2.6.8 ff.
[126]: cp. Xen. Anab. 2.5.35
[127]: cp. Xen. Anab. 2.5.1.
[128]: See Xen. Anab. 3.2.36.
[129]: See Xen. Anab. 1.2.9. The Cretans were the most famous archers of antiquity.
[130]: i.e. those mentioned in Xen. Anab. 1.2.34.
[131]: Rhodian slingers were hardly less famous than Cretan bowmen.
[132]: i.e. when Clearchus’ troopers deserted to the King (Xen. Anab. 2.2.7).
[133]: This city, called by Xenophon Larisa, was the great Assyrian city of Calah, mentioned in Genesis, X. 11, 12.
[134]: Cyrus the Great (558-529 B.C.).
[135]: The ruins which Xenophon saw here were those of Nineveh, the famous capital of the Assyrian Empire. It is curious to find him dismissing this great Assyrian city (as well as Calah above) with the casual and misleading statement that it was once inhabited by the Medes. In fact, the capture of Nineveh by the Medes (c. 600 B.C.) was the precise event which closed the important period of its history, and it remained under the control of the Medes only during the succeeding half-century, i.e. until the Median Empire was in its turn overthrown by the Persians (549 B.C.). Xenophon, then, goes but one unimportant step backward in his historical note—perhaps because he did not care to go farther, perhaps because he was unable to do so.
[136]: Astyages, the last king of Media.
[137]: i.e. from his province in Asia Minor, when he came to inform Artaxerxes of Cyrus’ designs against him. See Xen. Anab. 1.2.4.
[138]: cp. Xen. Anab. 2.4.8.
[139]: cp. Xen. Anab. 2.4.25.
[140]: i.e. on account of the dense throng of the enemy.
[141]: cp. Xen. Anab. 3.3.7-10.
[142]: Xenophon remarks in Xen. Anab. 3.3.17 upon the large size of the stones employed in the Persian slings. The word also (καὶ) can hardly refer back to that remark, but it may be that some further observation of the same sort in the original text (see critical note) of the present passage served to introduce what Xenophon now goes on to say about the Persian bows. It is implied in consequently (ὥστε) that the Cretan bows were of approximately the same size as those of the Persians.
[143]: So that the arrows could be easily recovered.
[144]: i.e. commanders of fifties and twenty-fives, or of half and quarter companies.
[145]: The formation is a hollow square. Xenophon means by wings (κέρατα, here and above) the right and left ends of the division which formed the front of the square, and by flanks (πλευραί) the divisions which formed the sides of the square. Apparently three of the special companies were stationed at the middle of the front side of the square (cp. 43 below) and the other three in the corresponding position at the rear.
[146]: The squad, or quarter company, consisting of 25 men (i.e. 24 the leader), normally marched three abreast, i.e. with a front of three and a depth of eight. The company might be formed in any one of three ways: (a) one squad front and four deep, (b) two squads front and two deep, or (c) four squads front and one deep. Three companies ranged alongside one another in formation (a) would thus have a front of three squads or nine men, in formation (b) a front of eighteen men, and in formation (c) a front of thirty-six men. It is these three dispositions of the three special companies at the front of the square which Xenophon terms, respectively, by companies, by platoons, and by squads.
[147]: Which is most effective in a level country.
[148]: Like Xerxes’ troops at Thermopylae (Hdt. 7.223).
[149]: i.e. as described in 25-26.
[150]: cp. Xen. Anab. 3.4.24
[151]: i.e. from the rear.
[152]: See Xen. Anab. 3.4.21 above and note 2 thereon.
[153]: See Xen. Anab. 3.4.37 fin.
[154]: cp. Xen. Anab. 1.5.10, Xen. Anab. 2.4.28.
[155]: See 1 and 3 above.
[156]: As a rule it was immediately before an army set out that sacrifice was offered.
[157]: The MSS. here prefix the following summary of the preceding narrative.
[158]: It will be remembered that light troops had proved more serviceable than hoplites in the recent skirmishes with the Persians. cp. Xen. Anab. 3.4.15-17, 24-30, 38-43.
[159]: See Xen. Anab. 4.1.20.
[160]: i.e. the volunteers.
[161]: i. e., the guards whom they expected to find upon the height mentioned (Xen. Anab. 4.1.25, Xen. Anab. 4.2.l). See below.
[162]: i. e., the one mentioned in Xen. Anab. 4.1.20, 23, Xen. Anab. 4.2.1.
[163]: The signal agreed upon ( 1 above).
[164]: Cheirisophus and his command.
[165]: Which could be traversed even by baggage animals, Xen. Anab. 4.1.24.
[166]: The one originally mentioned by the Carduchian guide. See Xen. Anab. 4.1.25, Xen. Anab. 4.2.6.
[167]: i. e. the three companies left upon the first hill, which the main body of Xenophon’s troops had now passed by. See below.
[168]: Into which the ἔκβασις, or way out, ultimately led.
[169]: In this case the reference is manifestly to the division behind the baggage train (sec. 9).
[170]: See sec. 14 above.
[171]: See Xen. Anab. 4.1.18.
[172]: On the preceding night also they had been quartered in villages (Xen. Anab. 4.2.22).
[173]: Satrap of Armenia. cp. Xen. Anab. 2.4.8-9; Xen. Anab. 3.4.13, Xen. Anab. 3.5.17.
[174]: A Persian general.
[175]: i.e. opposite this road, where they naturally expected to find a practicable ford.
[176]: διαβαίνειν, which also means to cross a river (see above). Here lay the good omen of the dream.
[177]: Especially a safe crossing and a safe return to Greece.
[178]: As the Spartans were accustomed to do when going into battle. cp. Xen. Anab. 1.4.2-3.
[179]: i.e. the original ford, which had proved impracticable ( 5-6).
[180]: i.e. by attacking them on the flank.
[181]: See 3 above.
[182]: Which numbered only fifty men (III. iii. 20).
[183]: See Xen. Anab. 3.4.21-22, and note thereon.
[184]: In order to deceive the enemy.
[185]: Subordinate to the satrap of all Armenia, Orontas. See Xen. Anab. 4.3.4, and note thereon.
[186]: It was now late in November.
[187]: Such underground villages are still to be found in Modern Armenia.
[188]: See 28 above
[189]: See 28 above.
[190]: cp. Xen. Anab. 4.2.1.
[191]: i.e. to bring companies which had been marching in column, viz. one behind another, into line abreast of one another.
[192]: The Dorian aristocracy of Sparta.
[193]: viz. Callimachus’ company.
[194]: Xenophon doubtless remarks this fact because the Greek spear had a sharp point at the butt, to stick in the ground.
[195]: i.e. the Euxine.
[196]: The mountain which Xenophon seems to think he has already mentioned, as having been referred to by the guide.
[197]: Still trying to fulfil his real mission of harming his people’s enemies. Cp. 19-20 above.
[198]: See note on Xen. Anab. 1.2.18.
[199]: See Xen. Anab. 4.6.6, and note. Of course it is the opposite movement that is now in contemplation.
[200]: Cheirisophus was commander of the van, Xenophon of the rear. The van of an army on the march became the right wing of the line of battle and the rear the left wing. It was at Cheirisophus’ post, on the right, that the council was held.
[201]: A phrase as old as Homer (Δ 35).
[202]: A total of 8000 as compared with an original strength of 11,700.
[203]: One thousand eight hundred as compared with an original 2300.
[204]: On the right and left wings respectively. See note on 14 above.
[205]: See Xen. Anab. 3.2.9.
[206]: The hides of the sacrificial victims, which were to be offered as prizes in the games. Cp. Hom. Il. 10.159.
[207]: The regular short race in the Greek games, corresponding closely to our 220 yards dash.
[208]: The δόλιχος seems to have varied from six to twenty-four stadia.
[209]: A combination of boxing and wrestling.
[210]: The altar on which the sacrifices had been offered served as a starting-point for the races.
[211]: The MSS. here prefix the following summary of the preceding narrative.
[212]: See Hom. Od. 5.75-118.
[213]: Not an admiral, for ναύαρχος was the distinctive title of the commanding officer of the Lacedaemonian fleet.
[214]: The perioeci were the inhabitants of the outlying Laconian towns; they were free, but not Spartan citizens.
[215]: See Xen. Anab. 7.2.31-34.
[216]: A formation which the captains judged to be the most effective (§ 11 above).
[217]: Which itself means Mysian—just as English might be the family name of an Englishman.
[218]: See Xen. Anab. 5.1.4.
[219]: Xen. Anab. 5.1.10-16.
[220]: Xen. Anab. 5.1.13-14.
[221]: cp. Xen. Anab. 4.8.15 and notes thereon.
[222]: Xen. Anab. 2.5.
[223]: Xen. Anab. 3.1.4-10.
[224]: In 394 B.C., ending in the hard-fought battle of Coronea, at which Xenophon was present. cp. Xen. Hell. 4.2.1-8, Xen. Hell. 4.3.1-21.
[225]: Which was probably due to his taking part in the expedition of Cyrus. cp. Xen. Anab. 3.1.5.
[226]: See Xen. Anab. 5.3.1.
[227]: Lit. dwellers in Mossyns, or wooden towers. See 26 below.
[228]: cp. Xen. Anab. 4.7.16 and note thereon.
[229]: i. e., the one mentioned above, 14, 23.
[230]: i. e., such as walnuts have. Xenophon probably means chestnuts.
[231]: Apparently an outlying tribe of the people whose territory the Greeks had previously passed through. cp. Xen. Anab. 4.7.15 ff.
[232]: Section 4 in the manuscript is as follows. This passage is regarded by edd. generally as an interpolation. [18,600 stadia = c. 2050 English miles.]
[233]: Ruler of Paphlagonia.
[234]: Hecatonymus alludes to the proverb Counsel is a sacred thing, i.e. it must be given honestly.
[235]: Xenophon uses the term Πόντος both of the Euxine Sea and of the region along its south-eastern coast. See below.
[236]: See Xen. Anab. 1.7.18.
[237]: A gold coin of Cyzicus, an important Greek city on the Propontis. It was equivalent in weight of gold to l lls. l d. or $7.56; but see note on Xen. Anab. 1.1.9.
[238]: Persian satrap of Lesser Phrygia and Bithynia.
[239]: A Spartan general. He had taken part in the Peloponnesian War, and was the commander under whom the Ten Thousand later served.
[240]: As described by Xenophon in the following speech, 13 ff.
[241]: In Greece.
[242]: cp. Xen. Anab. 5.1.16.
[243]: cp. Xen. Anab. 5.3.1, and see critical note.
[244]: The speaker implies in this sarcastic way that they would have met their death, and would not be talking now about satisfaction for that or anything else.
[245]: cp. Xen. Anab. 5.5.24 ff.
[246]: cp. Xen. Anab. 5.5.12 and note.
[247]: A Thracian war-song, apparently composed in honour of an early king named Sitalcas.
[248]: A dance known to us from this passage only.
[249]: A famous war-dance.
[250]: The medimnus = about a bushel and a half.
[251]: cp. Xen. Anab. 5.1.3-4.
[252]: cp. Xen. Anab. 3.1.5 ff.
[253]: cp. Xen. Anab. 3.1.11 f.
[254]: cp. Xen. Anab. 3.1.8.
[255]: cp. Xen. Hell. 2.2.20.
[256]: cp. Xen. Anab. 5.1.15.
[257]: The statements here contained are geographically impossible, and the passage is regarded by edd. generally as an interpolation.
[258]: cp. note on Xen. Anab. 5.6.23.
[259]: Cheirisophus’ lieutenant (cp. Xen. Anab. 5.6.36).
[260]: The following five sections follow the transposition of Rehdantz.
[261]: i.e. consult the gods before undertaking any enterprise. The expression was proverbial.
[262]: i.e. no longer insisting upon their independent organization.
[263]: cp. Xen. Anab. 6.2.18.
[264]: cp. Xen. Anab. 5.6.18, 34.
[265]: i.e. the headland described in 3 ff. above.
[266]: One of the generals.
[267]: i.e. for carrying the booty.
[268]: See note on Xen. Anab. 5.6.24.
[269]: i.e. the isthmus mentioned in Xen. Anab. 6.4.3.
[270]: The original plan was to leave Neon and his division to guard the camp. But since Neon’s men insisted upon going with the rest, the generals decided to leave, not one of the regular divisions of the army, but the older men from the entire army.
[271]: A man pursued by horsemen takes to rough country, where horsemen are helpless. In the present case, therefore, the hostile horsemen did precisely the wrong thing, and would probably have suffered severe losses if the Greeks had continued their pursuit.
[272]: In accordance with the above-mentioned ( 2) decree.
[273]: See Xen. Anab. 5.1.15, Xen. Anab. 6.1.32. Dexippus had manifestly accompanied Cleander to Calpe Harbour.
[274]: Cleander was Lacedaemonian harmost, or governor, of Byzantium (Xen. Anab. 6.1.13).
[275]: See Xen. Anab. 5.1.4 and note thereon.
[276]: Castor and Pollux, the especial protectors of the Lacedaemonians. σιώ is Spartan (Doric) for θεώ.
[277]: The MSS. here prefix the following summary of the preceding narrative.
[278]: The Bosporus. Chrysopolis was directly opposite Byzantium.
[279]: A Lacedaemonian officer who figures rather prominently in the story of the Peloponnesian War (Xen. Hell. 1.1.32, Xen. Hell. 1.6.26, etc.); now apparently an aide to Anaxibius.
[280]: A Lacedaemonian general engaged in war with the Thracians.
[281]: On the northern coast of the Propontis. Their destination was the Gallipoli peninsula, and the alternative routes are a short but difficult one or a long, easy one.
[282]: cp. Xen. Anab. 7.1.13 and note thereon.
[283]: i.e. since he was the only Lacedaemonian among the generals.
[284]: cp. Xen. Anab. 5.6.23.
[285]: cp. Xen. Anab. 7.1.2.
[286]: Who was manifestly making the voyage with him. cp. Xen. Anab. 7.1.39 above.
[287]: On the European shore of the Propontis.
[288]: See Xen. Anab. 7.1.5, and 10 above.
[289]: According to tradition, through the marriage of the Thracian Tereus (or Teres, cp. 22 above, but see also Thuc. 2.29) with Procne, daughter of the Athenian king Pandion.
[290]: i.e. per month. For the Cyzicene, see note on Xen. Anab. 5.6.23
[291]: i.e. to persuade the troops to take service under Seuthes. See. below.
[292]: cp. Xen. Anab. 7.1.13, and note thereon
[293]: Aristarchus.
[294]: A Greek city in Thrace.
[295]: Through the mediation of Seuthes; cp. Xen. Anab. 7.2.32-4.
[296]: Timasion was an exile (Xen. Anab. 5.6.23).
[297]: Especially Alcibiades (Xen. Hell. 1.5.17, Nepos Alc. 7).
[298]: See note on Xen. Anab. 1.4.13.
[299]: The reference is to the Thracian custom, known to us through Suidas, of sprinkling the last drops that remained in the drinking horn upon one’s fellow guests.
[300]: Viz., Thracians also; in other words, the Greeks could not tell whether an individual Thracian was friend or foe.
[301]: Which are necessary now that the Greeks, whose hoplites form the slowest arm, are to lead the way.
[302]: cp. Xen. Anab. 7.2.31.
[303]: See 37, 38 above. Seuthes has again (cp. 41) gone ahead with his fastest arm (his cavalry), and now appreciates the danger of having them unsupported (cp. ἔρημοι below) by infantry.
[304]: Supplies from the villages in the plain having already been cut off ( 5).
[305]: See on Xen. Anab. 7.1.33.
[306]: i.e. by pretending to side with you against Seuthes.
[307]: i.e. upon his return to the army. Division of cavalry and peltasts had existed during the retreat, and it would seem from the present passage that they were not broken up till after Xenophon set sail for Greece (Xen. Anab. 7.2.5, 8).
[308]: See Xen. Anab. 7.4.21, Xen. Anab. 7.5.15.
[309]: cp. the enumeration of the Ten Thousand in Xen. Anab. 5.3.3, and see especially Xen. Anab. 7.2.3-4 and 6.
[310]: See note on Xen. Anab. 1.7.18.
[311]: cp. Xen. Anab. 7.4.12-24.
[312]: With reference to Xen. Anab. 7.6.10.
[313]: The precise date of Xenophon’s banishment is uncertain. It appears to have resulted not only from his participation in the expedition of Cyrus, who had been an ally of the Spartans against Athens (see Xen. Anab. 3.1.5), but from his close association with Spartans thereafter.
[314]: The famous gymnasium at Athens.
[315]: i.e. Zeus in this particular one of his functions, as the Merciful. cp. Xen. Anab. 7.6.44.
[316]: Apparently officers sent by Thibron.
[317]: Whose ancestor (father?), according to Xen. Hell. 3.1.6, had been given four cities in this neighbourhood by Xerxes because he espoused the Persian cause, being the only man among the Eretrians who did so, and was therefore banished. cp. Xen. Anab. 2.1.3 and note.
[318]: The MSS. add the following statistical notes, which, like the summaries prefixed to the several books, must have been the contribution of a late editor.
[319]: The MSS. add the following statistical notes, which, like the summaries prefixed to the several books, must have been the contribution of a late editor.