[1]: (149)Αἰτίαι τῶν περιφερομένων Στωικῶν; (160)Αἰτίαι καὶ τοπόι; (161)Αἰτίαι ἀλλαγῶν; (167)Αἰτίαι γυναικῶν.
[2]: Life of Romulus, chap. xv. (26 e); Life of Camillus chap. xix. (138 e).
[3]: Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. iii. 465-484.
[4]: Cf. Varro, De Lingua Latina, v. 61. The genders are those of ignis and aqua, not those of the Greek words.
[5]: Cf.Moralia, 650 b; Servius on Virgil, Aeneid, iv. 167; Lactantius, Institutiones Divinae, ii. 9. 21.
[6]: Cf. the Lex Coloniae Genetivae, column 62 (C.I.L. i.² 594 = ii. 5439), where it is specified that the aediles shall have the right and power to possess, among other things, cereos.
[7]: Cf.Moralia, 288 d-e, infra, 374 a, 429 a, and 388 a with the note on the last passage; Lydus, De Mensibus, ii. 4.
[8]: Cf.Moralia, 429 f. A few authenticated cases of sextuplets have occurred since Plutarch’s day. See also the passages of Aulus Gellius and Aristotle quoted in Classical Journal, xxx. p. 493.
[9]: Cf. Livy, i. 45; Valerius Maximus, vii. 3. 1.
[10]: Müller,Frag. Hist. Graec. iii. p. 470.
[11]: Cf. Comparison of Lycurgus and Numa, chap. iii. (77 b); Polybius, vi. 11 a. 4; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, ii. 25. 6; Cicero, De Republica, iv. 6; Valerius Maximus, ii. 1. 5; vi. 3. 9; Pliny, Natural History, xiv. 13 (89); Aulus Gellius, x. 23. 1; Tertullian, Apol. vi.
[12]: Frag. 609 (ed. V. Rose).
[13]: Cf.Moralia, 243 e and the note ad loc. (Vol. III. p. 480).
[14]: Hatzidakis objects to the formσυγγενίδας; but the very fact that Polux, iii. 30, characterizes it asἐσχάτως βάρβαρον proves (as do inscriptions also) that it was in use.
[15]: Cf. Tacitus, Annals, xii. 5-7.
[16]: Cf.Moralia, 143 a.
[17]: Cf. Life of Solon, chap. xxi. (90 a); [Demosthenes] xlvi. 14; Hypereides, Against Athenogenes, 17, 18.
[18]: Cf. Pliny, Natural History, xxviii. 17 (60).
[19]: Cf. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, xii. 16.
[20]: Cf. Jacoby, Frag. der griech. Hist. 250, Frag. 15.
[21]: Cf.Moralia, 363 d; Aristotle, De Mundo, chap. vii. ad init. (401 a 15); Cornutus, chap. vi. (p. 7 ed. Lang); Macrobius, Saturnalia, i. 8. 7.
[22]: The first reason above: The father should be honoured as a god.
[23]: Cf. Cicero, De Legibus, ii. 22 (57).
[24]: Cf. 278 e, infra; Comparison of Lycurgus and Numa, iii. (77 c); Comparison of Theseus and Romulus, vi. (39 b); Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, ii. 25. 7; Valerius Maximus, ii. 1. 4; Aulus Gellius, iv. 3. 2; xvii. 21. 44; Tertullian, Apol. vi., De Monogamia, ix.
[25]: Cf. Valerius Maximus, vi. 3. 10.
[26]: This is certainly not true of later times; Cf. for example, Horace, Epodes, 2. 59.
[27]: Cf.Moralia, 210 e with the note (Vol. III. p. 257).
[28]: Cf. Life of Numa, xvi. (70 f); Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, ii. 74. 2 ff.
[29]: Cf. Life of Camillus, v. (131 b-c); Ovid, Fasti, vi. 551 ff. with Frazer’s note.
[30]: Ino is the Greek name for the Greek goddess Leucothea before her violent death and deification; Matuta is the supposed Roman equivalent of both Greek names.
[31]: Cf.Moralia, 492 d.
[32]: Cf. Life of Sulla, chap. xxxv. (474 a); Life of Crassus, ii. (543 d), xii. (550 d).
[33]: Probably an allusion to the Hippocratic maxim quoted in Moralia, 682 e, 1090 b, and often by Galen.
[34]: Cf. Life of Numa, xviii., xix. (71 e ff.); Lucian, Pseudologista, 8; Varro, De Lingua Latina, vi. 33; Ovid, Fasti, iii. 99-166.
[35]: Cf. 269 a, infra.
[36]: Cf. Macrobius, Saturnalia, i. 12. 21-28.
[37]: Cf. 265 b, supra.
[38]: Cf. Life of Caesar, ix. (711 e), Life of Cicero, xix. (870 b); Juvenal, vi. 339.
[39]: No doubt this means from eating it since they used to eat all small birds.
[40]: Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses, xiv. 320 ff.
[41]: Cf. 278 c, 320 d, infra; Life of Romulus, iv. (19 e), vii. (21 c).
[42]: Cf. 274 e, infra; Life of Numa, xix. (72 f); Athenaeus, 692 d; Lydus, De Mensibus, iv. 2; Macrobius, Saturnalia i. 7. 21, and i. 9.
[43]: Cf. Life of Numa, xii. (67 e); Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, iv. 15. 5; Varro, De Lingua Latina, vi. 47.
[44]: Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. iii. p. 470.
[45]: Cf. Old Latin calare, equated with Greek καλεῖν by Plutarch and by other writers.
[46]: Much is made of Plutarch’s mistake in equating celare (mss.) withλανθάνειν rather than withκρύπτειν, but the mistake is more likely that of a scribe.
[47]: This is true etymologically; but is Plutarch thinking of the syllable nou inνουμηνία and nouus?
[48]: Cf. Macrobius, Saturnalia, i. 15. 14, where it is stated that Idus is derived from the Etruscan Itis, said to mean Iovis fiducia.
[49]: Cf. Life of Aristides, chap. xix. (331 a).
[50]: Livy, v. 37; and vi. 1. 11.
[51]: The traditional date of the battle was July 18, 390 b.c.
[52]: Cf. Life of Camillus, chap. xix. 8 (138 d).
[53]: As the Kalends, the Nones, and the Ides have the same names in every month.
[54]: 269 b, supra.
[55]: That is, the spirits of the men and women of the Heroic Age who dwelt after death in the Isles of the Blest or in Hades.
[56]: Cf. 264 a, supra, also Moralia, 374 a, 387 f, 429 a, 1002 a, 1012 e.
[57]: Cf. 320 f, infra; Life of Themistocles, xviii. (121 b). The context of 345 c, infra, makes it very probably that the essay De Gloria Atheniensium began with this favourite story of Plutarch’s.
[58]: Cf.Life of Numa, xiv. (69 e-70 a); Propertius ii. 28. 45-46; see also Lewy in Philologus, lxxxiv. p. 378.
[59]: Apparently a misquotation of Herodotus, iii. 22. 1: otherwise misquoted in Moralia, 646 b and 863 e. Cf. also Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, i. x. 48. 6 (p. 344 Potter).
[60]: This apparently means: Naturally black wool may be dyed purple or any other strong dark colour. It is possible, however, that Plutarch wroteκέκραται (and so several mss.): it is modified when combined with a dark colour.
[61]: Cf. Plato, Republic, 729 d-e.
[62]: Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. iv. 498.
[63]: Cf.Moralia, 518 b.
[64]: Cf. Varro, De Lingua Latina, v. 143, Res Rusticae, ii. 1. 9; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, i. 88; Ovid, Fasti, iv. 819 ff.
[65]: Cf.Life of Romulus, xi. (23 d).
[66]: Cf. Varro, De Lingua Latina, v. 66.
[67]: Cf.Moralia, 229 b and the note (Vol. III. p. 372).
[68]: Cf.Life of Romulus, xv. (26 d-e).
[69]: Ubi tu Gaius, ego Gaia.
[70]: John Doe and Richard Roe.
[71]: Cf.Moralia, 1061 c.
[72]: Probably not the same as Tanaquil, wife of Tarquinius Priscus; but Cf. Pliny, Natural History, viii. 48 (194).
[73]: We should probably emend to Sancus; the same mistake is made in the mss. of Propertius, iv. 9. 71-74, where see the excellent note of Barber and Butler.
[74]: The traditional Roman spelling seems to be with -ss-.
[75]: Cf.Life of Romulus, xv. (26 c), Life of Pompey, iv. (620 f); Livy, i. 9. 12.
[76]: Cf. 285 a, infra, and Ovid, Fasti, v. 621 ff.; Varro, De Lingua Latina, v. 45; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, i. 38. 2-3. Plutarch means the Argei, the origin and meaning of which is a mystery (see V. Rose’s edition, pp. 98 ff.).
[77]: Who were Arcadians; Cf. Virgil, Aeneid, viii. 52-151.
[78]: Laws, 729 c; also cited or referred to Moralia, 14 b, 71 b, 144 f.
[79]: De Legibus, ii. 21. 54.
[80]: 136 b.c. Cf. Appian, Spanish Wars (72), 74; and Florus, Epitome, ii. 17. 12.
[81]: That is, according to Brutus’s reckoning. For the common people February continued to be the month of the Parentalia, and February was once the last month (Cf. 268 b, supra).
[82]: Cf. W. F. Otto, Wiener Studien, xxxv. 62 ff.
[83]: Cf.Life of Romulus, chap. v. (19 f ff.); Macrobius, Saturnalia, i. 10. 11-17; Augustine, De Civitate Dei, vi. 7; Tertullian, Ad Nationes, ii. 10.
[84]: Cf. 322 f, infra; Ovid, Fasti, vi. 569 ff.
[85]: Cf. 323 d, infra; Livy, i. 41.
[86]: That is, to move them away before they fell to pieces; for the ancients used to clear out their temples periodically.
[87]: AS did the Boeotians after Leuctra: Cicero, De Inventione, ii. 23 (69); Cf. Diodorus, xiii. 24. 5-6. Of course this means substituting for the impromptu suit of armour, set on a stake, a permanent replica; but memorials of battles had been popular for many years before this time. Cf.Moralia, 401 c-d.
[88]: Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius, consul 80 b.c.
[89]: Cf. Cicero, De Officiis, i. 11 (37).
[90]: Cf. Xenophon, Cyropaedia, iv. 1. 3; and the note on Moralia, 236 e (Vol. III. p. 420).
[91]: Cf. Aulus Gellius, x. 15.
[92]: Cf. Cicero, De Oratore, ii. 55 (224), with Wilkins’s note.
[93]: Livy, v. 52. 13, says not even one night. Cf. also Tacitus, Annals, iii. 58 and 71.
[94]: Cf.Life of Numa, chap. vii. (64 c); Life of Marcellus, chap. v. (300 c); Varro, De Lingua Latina, v. 84; Festus, s.v. Flamen Dialis; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, ii. 64. 2. Varro’s etymology is Flamen quasi filamen; Plutarch must have pronouncedφλᾶμεν ph(i)lamen, with ph a true aspirate as in uphill, else there would be no justification for the alternative derivation from pileus (Numa, vii.).
[95]: Cf. Athenaeus, 692 e; Ovid, Fasti, i. 229 ff.; Pliny, Natural History, xxxiii. 3 (45); Macrobius, Saturnalia, i. 7. 21-22.
[96]: 269 a, supra.
[97]: Is Plutarch thinking of the suovetaurilia? Mr E. T. Newell, President of the American Numismatic Society, has been kind enough to inform me that no early Roman coinage bears these symbols.
[98]: Cf. Life of Publicola, chap. xi. (103 b); Varro, quoted by Nonius Marcellus, p. 189, 21 (ed. Müller).
[99]: Peter, Frag. Hist. Rom. p. 272, Annales, Frag. 5.
[100]: Cf.Life of Publicola, xii. (103 c).
[101]: Kinkel, Epicorum Graec. Frag. p. 287, Antimachus, Frag. 35.
[102]: Theogony, 160 ff.; Cf. Apollonius Rhodius, iv. 984-986.
[103]: That is, the ninth day, by the Roman inclusive system of reckoning (Cf. Macrobius, Saturnalia, i. 16. 34).
[104]: Presumably the quaestores aerarii.
[105]: Cf. Livy, xxxi. 50; Aulus Gellius, x. 15.
[106]: Cf. Life of Alcibiades, xxii. (202 f).
[107]: Cf. Ovid, Fasti, iv. 877 ff.: Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, i. 65; Pliny, Natural History, xiv. 12 (88), where the authority cited is Varro. Plutarch speaks of the festival of Vinalia (April 23) as Veneralia perhaps because Venus (together with Jupiter) was the protecting deity of the vine.
[108]: Plutarch here (in hora, horman, (h)orator), as often, makes havoc of etymology and quantity.
[109]: Cf. Homer, Od. viii. 266-359.
[110]: Cf. Vitruvius, i. 7. 1.
[111]: Cf.Life of Romulus, chap. xiv. (25 d).
[112]: Cf. Life of Coriolanus, chap. xiv. (219 f-220 a).
[113]: Cf. Aulus Gellius, x. 15.
[114]: Cf. Cambridge Ancient History, vol. vii. p. 422.
[115]: Cf. Livy, v. 31. 6, 7; vi. 27. 4, 5; ix. 34.
[116]: Cf. Ovid, Fasti, v. 129 ff.
[117]: Cf.Moralia, 361 b, 419 a, 1051 c.
[118]: Cf. Pliny, Natural History, xxix. 4 (58).
[119]: An attempt to derive the name from genitus (-a, -um) and manare.
[120]: Cf. 280 c, infra.
[121]: Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. iv. p. 498.
[122]: Frag. 592 (ed. V. Rose); Cf.Moralia, 292 b, infra.
[123]: Cf. χρηστὲ χαῖρ on Greek tombstones.
[124]: So apparently Plutarch; but the Latin Sardi venales can mean nothing but Sardinians for sale. Plutarch, or his authority, has confused Sardi with Sardiani (Sardians).
[125]: Cf.Life of Romulus, xxv. (33 e).
[126]: This is quite contrary to the traditional account (Cf. for example, Livy, vi. 21-23), according to which Veii was not captured until 396 b.c.
[127]: Cf. 278 e, infra.
[128]: Cf. Livy, ix. 30; Ovid, Fasti, vi. 653 ff.; Valerius Maximus, ii. 5. 4; see also Classical Weekly, 1921, p. 51.
[129]: Consulari potestate.
[130]: Cf. Livy, v. 25. 9, and xxxiv. 1 and 8.
[131]: That is, carens mente.
[132]: Cf.Life of Romulus, xxi. (31 a); Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, i. 31; Strabo, v. 33. p. 230; Ovid, Fasti, i. 619 ff.
[133]: Cf. 320 d, infra, and Life of Romulus, iv. (19 d); Ovid, Fasti, ii. 411 ff.
[134]: Cf.Life of Romulus, xiii. (25 a).
[135]: Cf. Livy, x. 8. 10.
[136]: Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. iii. p. 470.
[137]: Cf. 277 d, supra.
[138]: Cf. the note on 267 c, supra.
[139]: An attempt to derive the word from Greekπεινῶ, be hungry: see further Livy, i. 7; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, i. 40.
[140]: The shirt anointed with the blood of Nessus which Deianeira supposed to be a love charm. She sent the shirt to Heracles and thereby brought about his death; hence Heracles may be supposed to hate all women; see Sophocles, Trachiniae, or Ovid, Heroides, ix.
[141]: Cf. Macrobius, Saturnalia, iii. 9. 3; Pliny, Natural History, xxviii. 4 (18).
[142]: Cf., for example, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, xiii. 3; Livy, v. 21 (the evocatio of Juno from Veii); Macrobius, Saturnalia, iii. 9. 7 and 14-16.
[143]: Cf. Diodorus, xvii. 41. 8; Quintus Curtius, iv. 3. 21.
[144]: Il. xv. 193.
[145]: Plutarch here mistakenly explains patrimus instead of patratus: contrast Livy, i. 24. 6; Tacitus, Hist. iv. 53.
[146]: Il. i. 343, Od. xxiv. 452; Cf. Shakespeare, Hamlet, iv. iv. 37; Shelley, Ode to a Skylark (18th stanza).
[147]: Cf. Livy, ii. 2. 1-2; ix. 34. 12; xl. 42.
[148]: Ibid. iii. 39. 4.
[149]: The Regifugium; Cf. Ovid, Fasti, ii. 685 ff.: see the Cambridge Ancient History, vol. vii. p. 408.
[150]: Cf.Moralia, 702 d ff.
[151]: Cf. Horace, Satires, ii. 6. 66-67.
[152]: Cf.Moralia, 138 d; Life of Solon, chap. xx. (89 c).
[153]: The consul defeated at Trasimene. The circus was built circa 221 b.c.; Cf. Varro, De Lingua Latina, v. 154.
[154]: The Via Flaminia ran from the Pons Mulvius up the Tiber Valley to Narnia in Umbria; later it was extended over the Apennines to the Port of Ariminum.
[155]: Cf.Life of Romulus, chap. xxvi. (34 a); Aulus Gellius, xii. 3.
[156]: Cf. Festus, s.v. lictores; Valgius Rugus, frag. 1 (Gram. Rom. Frag. i. p. 484).
[157]: Cf. 290 d, infra; Life of Romulus, chap. xxi. (31 b ff.); Life of Numa, chap. xix. (72 e); Life of Caesar, chap. lxi. (736 d); Life of Antony, chap. xii. (921 b-c); Varro, De Lingua Latina, vi. 13; scholium on Theocritus, ii. 12.
[158]: Cf. 277 b, supra, and 290 d, infra.
[159]: That the puppies were later sacrificed we may infer from the practive elsewhere and on other occasions.
[160]: On this festival see J. B. Carter, American Journal of Archaeology (2nd Series), xii. pp. 172 ff.; H. Last in the Cambridge Ancient History, vol. vii. pp. 355 ff.
[161]: Nothing to do with the case: Cf.Moralia, 615 a, and Lucian, Dionysus, 5, with Harmon’s note (L.C.L. vol. i. p. 55); see also Moralia 388 e and 612 e.
[162]: Cf. Life of Coriolanus, chap. xxiv. (225 d).
[163]: Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 311, Sophocles, Frag. 764; or Pearson, no. 848; Cf. Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 1640-1641; Menander, Hero, 16-17 (p. 291 ed. Allinson in L.C.L.).
[164]: Cf. Life of Crassus, chap. vii. (547 c); Horace, Satires, i. 4. 34 faenum habet in cornu; longe fuge!
[165]: Cf. 290 e, infra, and the notes on Moralia, 12 d-e (Vol. I. p. 58).
[166]: Cf.Moralia, 1130 b.
[167]: Cf.Moralia, 383 b; Leviticus, xxii. 17-21.
[168]: Hartman’s theory that Plutarch is rendering Occasio = Fortuna Brevis) is very doubtful.
[169]: Cf. 273 b, supra.
[170]: Cf. 322 f, infra: the Latin equivalents here are perhaps Felix (?), Averrunca, Obsequens, Primigenia, Virilis, Privata, Respiciens, Virgo, Viscata.
[171]: Cf. 289 b, infra.
[172]: Cf.Moralia, 702 d ff.
[173]: Cf. Isidore, Origines, xix. 34; Juvenal, vii. 192.
[174]: Jacoby, Frag. der griech. Hist. 250, Frag. 16.
[175]: Cf.Moralia, 943 a ff.
[176]: Cf. Aristotle, Frag. 591 (ed. V. Rose); Apollonius Rhodius, iv. 264; scholium on Aristophanes, Clouds, 398.
[177]: Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 315, Sophocles, Frag. 787; or Pearson, no. 871: the full quotation may be found in Life of Demetrius, xlv. (911 c). Cf. the variants there and in Moralia, 517 d.
[178]: Diels, Frag. der Vorsokratiker, i. p. 162, Parmenides, no. b 15.
[179]: Timotheus, Frag. 28 (ed. Wilamowitz-Möllendorff); Edmonds, Lyra Graeca, iii. p. 331; better Diels, Anthologia Lyrica Graeca, ii. p. 152. Cf.Moralia, 659 a; Macrobius, Saturnalia, vii. 16. 28; see also Roscher, Lexikon der gr.und.röm. Mythologie, vol. i. coll. 571-572.
[180]: Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, ii. 5. 5; Virgil, Aeneid, ix. 630, and Conington’s note on Virgil, Georgics, iv. 7.
[181]: Cf. Life of Pelopidas, xxiii. (289 d-e).
[182]: Cf.Moralia, 363 e, 888 b.
[183]: Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. iii. p. 471.
[184]: Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. iv. p. 479.
[185]: Cf.Life of Publicola, chap. xxiii. (109 d).
[186]: Cf. Valerius Maximus, ii. 8. 6.
[187]: The toga praetexta.
[188]: They entered upon their office December 10th; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, vi. 89. 2; Livy, xxxix. 52.
[189]: Cf. Livy, iii. 55. 6-7; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, vi. 89. 2-3.
[190]: Of Bletisa in Spain, according to Cichorius, Römische Studien (Berlin, 1922).
[191]: Cf. Cicero, Brutus, 46 (169); Horace, Satires, i. 6. 30, if the emendation is right.
[192]: Cf. Life of Marcellus, chap. iii. (299 d); Livy, xxii. 57.
[193]: Cf. Pliny, Natural History, ii. 77 (188); Aulus Gellius, iii. 2; Macrobius, Saturnalia, i. 3.
[194]: Similar foresight, regarding a plough instead of a fork is reported by Diogenes Laertius, i. 106.
[195]: Long before Plutarch’s day the Greeks had calculated the angle subtended by the sun with an accuracy that stood the test of centuries, and was not modified until comparatively recent times. Cf. Archimedes, Arenarius, i. 10 (J. L. Heiberg’s ed. ii. p. 248).
[196]: Cf.Life of Romulus, chap. xv. (26 d), xix. (30 a).
[197]: Cf. Ovid, Fasti, v. 489.
[198]: Cf. 272 b, supra.
[199]: The mother of Mercury.
[200]: From the Aeolus of Euripides; Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 369, Euripides, no. 23; Cf.Moralia, 786 a, 1094 f.
[201]: Cf.Life of Romulus, chap. xv. (26 e).
[202]: The Sabine women.
[203]: Cf.Moralia, 189 e, 227 c, 997 c; and the Life of Lycurgus, chap. xiii. (47 c); Cf. also Comment. on Hesiod, 42 (Bernardakis, vol. vii. p. 72).
[204]: See Roscher, Lexikon der gr.und.röm. Mythologie, ii. coll. 588-592.
[205]: Cf.Life of Romulus, chap. xxix. (36 b); Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, ii. 48; Ovid, Fasti, ii. 475 ff.
[206]: Cf. Ovid, Fasti, ii. 513 ff.
[207]: Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. iii. p. 470.
[208]: Curiae
[209]: Cf. Pliny, Natural History, x. 29 (79).
[210]: Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, i. 40. Livy, i. 7. 12.
[211]: Cf. Apollodorus, ii. 7. 3 with Frazer’s note (L.C.L. vol. i. p. 251).
[212]: Cf. Life of Camillus, chap. xxxvi. (148 d); Livy, vi. 20. 13-14.
[213]: Cf.Life of Publicola, chap. x. (102 c-d).
[214]: Cf. Life of Coriolanus, chap. iii. (214 e-f); Pliny, Natural History, xvi. 4 (11-14); Polybius, vi. 39. 6; Aulus Gellius, v. 6.
[215]: Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. ii. p. 31; Cf.Life of Romulus, ix. (23 a-b); Pliny, Natural History, x. 6 (19); Aelian, De Natura Animalium, ii. 46.
[216]: Suppliants, 226.
[217]: Cf. Pliny, Natural History, xxix. 1 (16); 4 (72); Livy, x. 47, Epitome, xi.
[218]: The Insula Tiberina.
[219]: Cf. Pliny, Natural History, xviii. 12 (118-119); Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 12.
[220]: Cf., for example, Juvenal, xv. 9 porrum et caepe nefas violare et frangere morsu; Horace, Satires, ii. 6. 63; Epistles, i. 12. 21.
[221]: The numerous reasons suggested may be found in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopadie, vol. iii. coll. 619-620.
[222]: Plutarch elsewhere uses a similar expression (παρθένος ἱέρεια) for the vestal virgins, e.g. in his Life of Publicola, chap. viii. (101 b) or Moralia, 89 e.
[223]: Cf.Life of Numa, chap. x. (67 a-c); Ovid, Fasti, vi. 457-460; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, ii. 67. 4, viii. 89. 5; Pliny, Epistles, iv. 11. 6.
[224]: Presumably an error of Plutarch’s: he means the tenth month, October: Cf. Festus, s.v. October equus, p. 178. 5.
[225]: Such as the historian Timaeus: Cf. Polybius xii. 4b.
[226]: A verse made in imitation of Homer, Il. xviii. 337 (or xxiii. 23), blended with a part of x. 424.
[227]: Cf. Pliny, Natural History, x. 22 (51).
[228]: The statue of Jupiter Capitolinus: Pliny, Natural History, xxxiii. 7 (112).
[229]: Cf. 325 c-d, infra; Life of Camillus, xxvii. (142 d ff.): Livy, v. 47; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, xiii. 7-8; Diodorus, xiv. 116.
[230]: The high polish of the Roman statues is very noticeable in contrast with the duller surface of Greek statues. This is one of the factors in the controversy over the genuineness of the Hermes of Praxiteles at Olympia.
[231]: Cf. Pliny, Letters, iv. 8. 1.
[232]: Cf. 323 b-c, infra.
[233]: Cf. Life of Romulus, xx. (30 c); Pliny, Natural History, xxxiii. 1 (10); Macrobius, Saturnalia, i. 6. 7-17.
[234]: The so-called togatae, of which no complete specimen has survived; the palliatae of Plautus and Terence, being based on the Greek New Comedy, would prove nothing.
[235]: Cf.Moralia, 891 c; Diogenes Laertius, viii. 77; Diels, Frag. der Vorsokratiker, i. p. 210, A 60.
[236]: Cf. Aulus Gellius, xvi. 16. 2-3.
[237]: Cf. 264 a, supra.
[238]: Cf.Moralia, 744 a-b.
[239]: Cf. Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graec., Simonides, Frag. 5 (or Edmonds, Lyra Graeca, in L.C.L. ii. p. 284).
[240]: Cf. Gaius, Institutiones, i. 64; Valerius Maximus, De Praenominibus, 6 (p. 590 of Kempf’s ed.).
[241]: The mss. have sine patris; did Plutarch, or some Greek copyist, confuse the Latin genitive and ablative, since they are one in Greek?
[242]: Cf. Petronius, Satyricon, 41, and Housman’s commentary in Classical Review, xxxii. p. 164.
[243]: Cf.Moralia, 716 b.
[244]: Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. iii. p. 244; Alexander Polyhistor.
[245]: Cf. the inscription on the chair of the priest of Dionysus in the theatre at Athens,Ἱερεῶς Διονύσου Ἐλευθερέως.
[246]: Cf. Macrobius, Saturnalia, i. 15. 21.
[247]: Cf. 281 e, supra, 322 f, infra; Cicero, De Legibus, ii. 11; Livy, xxxiv. 53.
[248]: Cf. 320 b ff., infra.
[249]: Cf.Moralia, 87 f.
[250]: Cf. Livy, vii. 2; closely followed by Valerius Maximus, ii. 4. 4.
[251]: Peter, Frag. Hist. Rom. p. 314, Cluvius, Frag. 4.
[252]: In 361 b.c.
[253]: Cf. Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 19.
[254]: Homer, Od. ii. 355: mill-slaughtered.
[255]: Cf.Moralia, 659 b.
[256]: Contrast Pliny, Natural History, xxviii. 16 (226), who says that goat’s meat was given for epilepsy.
[257]: Cf. Comparison of Demetrius and Antony, chap. iv. (95-97 b); Dionysius of Halicarnassus, De Dinarcho, 3.
[258]: Cf. Strabo, x. 5. 5, p. 684 (Meineke).
[259]: Cf. 277 b, 280 c, supra; Life of Romulus, xxi. (31 e).
[260]: February; Cf. 280 b, supra.
[261]: Cf. Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 12.
[262]: Cf. 281 a, supra; Moralia, 727 c.
[263]: It clings to the earth, unless it finds support, and is therefore unacceptable to the higher gods.
[264]: Cf. 299 f, infra.
[265]: Cf.Moralia, 364 f.
[266]: Plutarch’s fullest treatment of the properties of ivy will be found in Moralia, 648 b-649 f.
[267]: Cf. Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 4.
[268]: In the De Flatibus: vol. vi. p. 213 (ed. Chartier); vol. i. p. 569 (Kühn); Cf. Lucian, Bis Accusatus, 1.
[269]: The first consul, who condemned his own sons to death; Cf. Livy, ii. 5; Life of Publicola, chap. vi. (99 e-f).