[1]: The numerous other references to this story may be found most conveniently in Frazer’s Pausanias, v. p. 315.
[2]: Diels, Frag. der Vorsokratiker, ii. p. 191, Epimenides, no. b 11.
[3]: The year 83-84 a.d.
[4]: Cf. Inscript. Graec. xiv. no. 2548 Θεοῖς τοῖς τοῦ ἡγεμονικοῦ Πραιτωρίου Σκριβ(ώνιος) (others σκρῖβα) Δημήτριος and Ὠκεανῷ καὶ Τηθύι Δημήτρι(ος). Cf. also Huebner, Ephemeris Epigr. iii. 312; Clark, Archaeol. Jour. xlii. p. 425; Dessau, in Hermes, xlvi. (1911) pp. 156 ff.
[5]: Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graec. iii. p. 184, Alcaeus, no. 113.
[6]: Il. x. 173.
[7]: Od. iii. 367-368.
[8]: Il. x. 394, for example; cf. also Moralia, 923 b. Further explanation of the idea that Θοός may mean conical may be found in the Life and Poetry of Homer, 21 (Bernardakis’s edition, vol. vii. p. 347).
[9]: Syenê was on the Tropic of Cancer, and because of the fact that on the day of the summer solstice the sun was directly overhead it was used by Eratosthenes (third century b.c.) as one of the termini in calculating the circumference of the Earth. Cleomedes, On the Circular Movement of Heavenly Bodies, i. 10, describes Eratosthenes’ method.
[10]: Cf. Plutarch, Comment. on Hesiod, Works and Days, 559 (Bernardakis’s edition, vol. vii. p. 78).
[11]: The mss. show several lacunae and corruptions here; the general sense must be restored from Herodotus, viii. 133-135. For some unexplained reason Plutarch in his Life of Aristeides, chap. xix. (330 c) and Pausanias, ix. 23, lay this scene at the oracle of Trophonius at Lebadeia.
[12]: Cf.Life of Themistocles, chap. vi. (114 d); Life of Cato the Elder, chap. xxiii. (350 c).
[13]: The oracle of Amphiaraüs was an incubation oracle: the consultants went to sleep in the shrine and received their answer in dreams.
[14]: Mardonius was defeated at Plataea in 479 b.c. by the Greeks under the command of Pausanias, who was regent of Sparta and guardian of Pleistarchus, son of Leonidas.
[15]: Plutarch gives more information about Tegyrae in his Life of Pelopidas, chap. xvi. (286 b).
[16]: In the year 421 b.c. (Thucydides, v. 1).
[17]: In the north-east corner of the sacred precinct. The foundations may still be seen.
[18]: Homer, Od. iv. 140.
[19]: Present βάλλω, future βαλῶ.
[20]: Works and Days, 199.
[21]: Cf. 387 d, supra, and the note.
[22]: Cf. 408 c, supra.
[23]: Cf.Moralia, 169 e.
[24]: Ibid. 394 a and 1102 e; Pindar, Frag. 149 (ed. Christ).
[25]: Cf. 386 b, supra, and the note.
[26]: The language is reminiscent of ἐπέκεινα τῆς οὐσίας (Plato, Republic 509 b).
[27]: The sacred truce, made throughout the Greek world, for the duration of the Pythian games.
[28]: Cf. Herodotus, ix. 21 and 28.
[29]: Homer, Il. ii. 96.
[30]: Cf. Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 311, Sophocles, no. 766 (no. 850 Pearson). The same thought is in the Oedipus at Colonus, 607.
[31]: Eurycles was a famous ventriloquist. Cf. Plato, Sophist, 252 c, and Aristophanes, Wasps, 1019, with the scholium.
[32]: Cf. 397 c and 404 b, supra.
[33]: In the Timaeus, 48 e ff., for example.
[34]: Cf. Plutarch, Comment. on Hesiod, Works and Days, 122 (Bernardakis’s edition, vol. vii. p. 52); cf. also 390 e, supra.
[35]: Cf. Plutarch, Comment. on Hesiod, Works and Days, 122 (Bernardakis’s edition, vol. vii. p. 52); cf. also 390 e, supra.
[36]: Hesiod, Frag. 183 (ed. Rzach); Cf. the Latin version of Ausonius, p. 93, ed. Peiper (1886). See also Moralia, 989 a; Martial, x. 67; Achilles Tatius, iv. 4. 3.
[37]: Cf. Aristophanes, Birds, 609.
[38]: Pindar, Frag. 165 (ed. Christ); quoted also in Moralia, 757 f.
[39]: Cf. Diels, Frag. der Vorsokratiker, i. p. 76, Heracleitus, no. a 19.
[40]: That is 1 + (1x2) + (1x3) + 4 + 9 + 8 + 27 = 54.
[41]: Cf. Plato, Timaeus, 34 c - 35 a.
[42]: Homer, Il. xx. 8-9.
[43]: Cf. Diels, Frag. der Vorsokratiker, i. p. 97, Heracleitus, no. b 100.
[44]: Cf. Censorinus, De die natali ad Iu. Caerellium, xviii. 11, and Geffcken in Hermes, xlix. 336.
[45]: Cf. 415 d, supra.
[46]: (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) x 4 = 40.
[47]: 40 x 35 = 9720.
[48]: Cf. 415 b, supra.
[49]: All last night the northern streamers flashed across the western sky.
[50]: Cf. Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 674, Euripides, no 971. Plutarch quotes the lines again in Moralia, 1090 c.
[51]: Cf.Moralia, 361 c, and the lines of Empedocles there quoted.
[52]: Ibid. 935 c.
[53]: Cf. Republic, 260 d, and Symposium, 202 e.
[54]: Cf. the note on 400 b supra.
[55]: Cf.Moralia, 145 c.
[56]: Works and Days, 123, 126; cf. also Moralia, 361 b, supra.
[57]: Herodotus, ii. 171; cf. Moralia, 607 c and 636 d.
[58]: Pindar, Frag. 208 (ed. Christ). Cf.Moralia, 623 b and 706 e.
[59]: Iolê; cf. e.g. Sophocles, Trachiniae, 475-478.
[60]: A son of Deucalion.
[61]: Aeschylus, Supplices, 214.
[62]: Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 311, Sophocles, no. 767 (no. 851 Pearson).
[63]: At the right of the second section of the sacred way, as one progresses upwards toward the temple of Apollo.
[64]: See Moralia, 293 b-e.
[65]: That is, a copy of the primitive circular house.
[66]: Diels, Frag. der Vorsokratiker, i. p. 235, Empedocles, no. b 24.
[67]: Cf. Diels, Frag. der Vorsokratiker, i. p. 267, Empedocles, no. b 115.
[68]: Cf. von Arnim, Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, ii. 1104 (p. 321).
[69]: Cf. Diels, Frag. der Vorsokratiker, ii. p. 94, Democritus, no. 166; and Life of Timoleon, chap. i. (235 b).
[70]: Cf. Herodotus, ii. 145.
[71]: Presumably the Scilly islands; cf. Moralia, 941 a - 942 a.
[72]: Cf. the interesting account which Plutarch gives in Moralia, 941 a ff., and Lucretius’s statement that a smouldering lamp may cause apoplexy.
[73]: Cf. von Arnim, Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, ii. 1049 (p. 309).
[74]: H. Usener, Epicurea (Leipzig, 1887), 394.
[75]: Some editors would insert a negative in the last sentence.
[76]: Diels, Frag. der Vorsokratiker, i. 267, Empedocles, no. b 115.
[77]: Cf. 421 f, infra.
[78]: Cf.Moralia, 293 b-c.
[79]: Cf. 360 f, supra.
[80]: Cf. Plato, Timaeus, 55 c-d; Moralia, 389 f, supra, and 430 b, infra.
[81]: Cf. Aristotle, De Caelo, i. 8 (276 a 18).
[82]: Cf. Proclus on Plato, Timaeus, p. 138 b.
[83]: Homer, Od. xxi. 397.
[84]: Frag. 6, Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. vol. ii. p. 14.
[85]: Frag. 22, Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. vol. ii. p. 300.
[86]: Cf. 390 c, supra; Homer, Il. xv. 187.
[87]: Cf. Plato, Timaeus, 31 a, and 55 c; Moralia, 390 a and 887 b.
[88]: Cf. Aristotle, De Caelo, i. 7 (276 a 18).
[89]: Cf.Moralia, 925 b and 1054 b.
[90]: Cf.Moralia, 928 a-b.
[91]: Instead of revolving around it.
[92]: Cf. Demosthenes, Oration vii. 45.
[93]: Cf.Moralia, 1054 b.
[94]: Frag. 299.
[95]: Cf. von Arnim, Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, i. 551 (p. 174), and Moralia, 1054 c.
[96]: Cf.Moralia, 142 e; Sextus Empiricus, Adversus Mathematicos, vii. 102.
[97]: Cf. von Arnim, Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, ii. 367 (p. 124).
[98]: Ibid. 1055 (p. 311).
[99]: Castor and Pollux, the protectors of sailors.
[100]: Repeated with some variants by Plutarch in Moralia, 1103 c-d; cf. Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graec. iii. p. 730.
[101]: Homer, Il. xiii. 3.
[102]: Cf. Aristotle, The Eudemian Ethics, vii. 12. 16 (1245 b 14).
[103]: The meaning is discussed in the second essay of this volume.
[104]: Presumably Pythagoras, but possibly Plato.
[105]: Cf.Moralia, 1027 d.
[106]: The five solids of which each has the same number of sides on all its faces, and all its solid angles made up of the same number of plane angles. Cf. Plato, Timaeus, 53 c - 56 c, and Grote’s Plato, iii. 269.
[107]: Plato, Timaeus, 55 e ff.
[108]: Does Plutarch (or Plato before him) see an etymological relation between pyramid and pyr (fire)? See also 428 d infra.
[109]: Plato, Sophist, 256 c; Cf. also Moralia, 391 b, supra.
[110]: Cf. 387 f ff., supra.
[111]: Cf. 388 a, supra.
[112]: Cf. 374 a and 387 e, supra.
[113]: Cf. 374 a and 387 e, supra.
[114]: Cf. 388 d, supra.
[115]: Ibid. 391 a.
[116]: Ibid. 373 f.
[117]: Ibid. 389 d.
[118]: Cf. 390 f, supra; Plato, Republic, 410 b, 440 e - 441 a; and much diffused in Timaeus, 70 ff.
[119]: Cf.Moralia, 264 b; Aristotle, Historia Animalium, vii. 4 (584 b 33); since Plutarch’s time there have been a few authenticated cases of sextuplets.
[120]: Cf. 355 d-f, supra.
[121]: Cf. 389 e, 1028 f, 1138 f - 1139 e.
[122]: Cf. Aristotle, De Caelo, ii. 4 (286 b 10).
[123]: Plato, Timaeus, 55 c.
[124]: Ibid. 31 a; Cf. 389 f and 421 f, supra.
[125]: Plato, Timaeus, 57 c.
[126]: Plato, Timaeus, 52 e.
[127]: Some would prefer to make Plutarch say in keeping with Nature.
[128]: Cf. 428 d-e, supra.
[129]: Cf. 387 f, supra.
[130]: Cf. Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 674, Euripides, no. 972.
[131]: Cf. the note on 390 c, supra.
[132]: Works and Days, 125.
[133]: Works and Days, 123.
[134]: Cf. Thucydides, i. 12.
[135]: Cf. Plato, Apology, 39 b.
[136]: Cf. Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 674, Euripides, no. 973; cf.Moralia, 399 a, supra.
[137]: Bacchae, 298.
[138]: A dry soul is best (and/or wisest) is the dictum of Heracleitus, which is often quoted; see Diels, Frag. der Vorsokratiker, i. p. 100, Heracleitus, no. b 118; Cf. also Moralia, 995 e, and Life of Romulus, chap. xxviii. (36 a).
[139]: Cf. Plutarch, Moralia, 736 a-b.
[140]: Cf. Aristotle, De Generatione Animalium, ii. 8 (747 a 34).
[141]: Cf. H. Blümner, Gewerbe und Künste bei Griechen und Römern (Leipzig, 1875), i. 236.
[142]: Ibid. 238.
[143]: Cf. Diels, Frag. der Vorsokratiker, i. p. 255, Empedocles, no. b 93.
[144]: See 436 d, infra, and Plato, Republic, 508 a - 509 b.
[145]: Theogony, 117.
[146]: Cf. 432 e, supra.
[147]: A not uncommon phenomenon in Greece; cf.Moralia, 557 e.
[148]: Cf. Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 107, Aeschylus, no. 356. The hardness and temper of cold-forged copper is well attested.
[149]: An interesting early notice of the use of asbestos.
[150]: Cf. Aristotle, Meteorologica, i. 3 (340 b 29); Cicero, De Divinatione, i. 19 (38); ii. 57 (117).
[151]: Frag. 395 Usener; Diogenes Laertius, x. 135.
[152]: Cf. 376 b, supra, and 1130 a, for example.
[153]: Euripides, Cyclops, 332-333.
[154]: Plato, Phaedo, 97 b-c.
[155]: The stand, dedicated by Alyattes (king of Lydia from 617 to 560 b.c.), was of wrought iron and welded together, not riveted. Cf. Herodotus, i. 25; Pausanias, x. 16. 1. Of interest also in this connexion is the dedication recorded in the Sigeum inscription. C.I.G. i. 8, or Roberts, Introduction to Greek Epigraphy, no. 42 (p. 78).
[156]: Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graec. iii. p. 502, Simonides, no. 160; or Edmonds, Lyra Graeca, ii. p. 399 (L.C.L.). Cf. also Pausanias, x. 25. 1.
[157]: Od. ix. 393.
[158]: Cf. 433 d, supra, and Plato, Republic, 507 c-d, and 508 d.
[159]: Orphic Frag. vi. 10 (21 a, 2); cf. Mullach, Frag. Phil. Graec. i. p. 169. 11.
[160]: Cf. 406 b, supra.