[1]: Xenophon, Memorabilia, i. 6.
[2]: Cf. Thucydides, viii. 68 ἀνὴρ Ἀθηναίων τῶν καθ’ ἑαυτόν ἀρετῇ τε οὐδενὸς δεύτερος καὶ κπάτιστος ἐνθυμηθῆναι γενόμενος καὶ ἃ γνοίη εἰπεῖν, a man inferior to none of the Athenians of his own day in force of character, and one who had proved himself most able both to formulate a plan and to set forth his conclusions in speech (Smith’s translation, L.C.L.).
[3]: In 411 b.c. when for some four months an oligarchy ruled Athens.
[4]: The duty of fitting out ships for the navy devolved upon wealthy citizens, who were then called trierarchs.
[5]: Antiphon was a common name at Athens in the fifth century. Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, 2nd ed. i. pp. 93 ff., distinguishes, in addition to the orator: (1) a patriotic and worthy citizen (Xenophon, Hell. ii. 3. 40) in defence of whose daughter Lysias wrote a speech, and to whom the military activities belong which are here ascribed to the orator; (2) the tragic poet who was put to death by Dionysius of Syracuse (Aristotle, Rhet. ii. 6. p. 1385 a 9); (3) Antiphon the sophist (Xenophon, Mem. i. 6. 5; Diog. Laert. ii. 5. 25), who is probably the one who practised mental healing at Corinth; (4) the son of Pyrilampus (Plato, Parmenides, 127 a); (5) the son of Lysonides (Moralia, 833 a); and (6) an Antiphon derided by Aristophanes (Wasps, 1270), as a starveling. The Pseudo-Plutarch has evidently fused several of these personalities with that of the orator.
[6]: Eëtioneia, the mole which formed the northern side of the great Harbour of Peiraeus, was fortified by the Four Hundred in order to command the entrance.
[7]: In 404 b.c., when Athens was occupied by the Lacedaemonians, a body of Thirty men was appointed to revise the constitution. They seized all power and ruled ruthlessly until overthrown in May 403 b.c.
[8]: Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. i. p. 300.
[9]: Kock, Com. Att. Frag. i. p. 629, no. 103.
[10]: Cf. Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. ii. p. 23.
[11]: 411-410 b.c. Caecilius derived his text of the decree from Craterus’s collection of decrees. See Harpocration, s.v. Ἄνδρων and Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, 2nd ed., i. p. 99.
[12]: Six of the annually elected archons; their duties were to administer the courts of justice.
[13]: The Thirty Years’ Peace, by the terms of which Athens gave up Megara and its ports in 446-445 b.c.
[14]: See note d below for the source of this error.
[15]: Cf. Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. i. p. 55, no. 78.
[16]: Cf. Thucydides, i. 51, who seems to have been the source of this error. The colleague of Glaucon on this expedition was Dracontides, son of Leogoras of Thurae, and not Andocides, who at the time, 433 b.c., was too young. See I. G. i. 295 (ed. min.), and Kirchner, Prosopographia Attica, 828 and 4551.
[17]: The Hermae, square pillars surmounted by the head of the god Hermes, stood before the doors of Athenian houses. In 415 b.c., just as the great expedition against Sicily was about to sail, these Hermae were systematically mutilated in the night by unknown persons.
[18]: In the summer of 404 b.c. thirty men had been appointed to draw up laws and manage the state temporarily. Thrasybulus seized the hill-fortress of Phylê in December and maintained his position against two attacks by the Thirty. In May 403 Thrasybulus and his followers seized Peiraeus. In September the Thirty were overthrown and the democracy re-established.
[19]: The nature of the accusation cannot be determined. See Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, 2nd ed., pp. 293 ff. The oration On the Peace, delivered between 393 and 390 b.c., deals with the terms proposed by the mission in which Andocides participated.
[20]: 468-467 b.c. This date, however, is based upon a false reckoning, and from the orator’s own statements he could not have been born much before 440. See Blass, ibid. i. p. 283, and Kirchner, Prosop. Att. 828.
[21]: The numeral is an emendation.
[22]: A decree of the tribe Pandionis in which the orator is named among the victorious choregi is extant, I. G. ii. 1138 (ed. min.); it was with a chorus of boys at the Dionysia.
[23]: 459-458 b.c.
[24]: The archon in 460-459 b.c. was Phrasicleides, not Phrasicles.
[25]: The scene of Plato’s Republic is laid at the house of Cephalus. The dialogue is not historical, and its imagined date cannot be fixed, but it seems to show that Plato knew Cephalus and his sons, see Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, 2nd ed., i. p. 341.
[26]: 444-443 b.c.
[27]: 413-412 b.c. The ninety-second Olympiad is the date of the archonship of another Callias, 406-405 b.c.
[28]: The dates given by our author for events in the life of Lysias are consistent (see also 835 a above, and 836 f below, Cf. also Dion. Hal. Isocrates, i.), on the assumption that he went to Thurii when the colony was founded, in 444 b.c. But if that is correct, his activity as a writer of speeches to be delivered in the Athenian courts would not begin until his fifty-seventh year. Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, 2nd ed., i. p. 345, after stating the evidence, comes to the conclusion that Lysias was born at Athens probably about 446 b.c., the only certain date being his age (fifteen years), when he went to Thurii, and his treutn to Athens in 413-412 b.c. or the year following. It is quite possible that he did not go to Thurii until some years after the foundation of the colony. The latest of his extant speeches may be dated about 380 b.c., so that we may believe that he died not long after that date.
[29]: The great expedition which the Athenians had sent out in 415 b.c. expecting to conquer Sicily was utterly annihilated in the autumn of 413 b.c.
[30]: 412-411 b.c.
[31]: Summer of 411 b.c.
[32]: 405 b.c. The Athenian fleet was destroyed by the Lacedaemonians, which virtually ended the Peloponnesian War.
[33]: 404 b.c.
[34]: See Lysias, xii. (Against Eratosthenes) 15.
[35]: Thrasybulus and his followers, May 303 b.c. After these exiles seized Periaeus, there was a period of confusion until the democracy was re-established and Eucleides made archon for the year 403-402 b.c.
[36]: The Athenians termed any period an anarchy in which no archon could be elected because of party strife.
[37]: The Senate or Council of Five Hundred prepared the business for the Popular Assembly, which could not legally vote upon any measure not previously adopted by the Senate.
[38]: Cicero, De Oratore, i. 231, and Diogenes Laertius, ii. 20, 40, say that Lysias composed an oration in defence of Socrates, and offered it to him, but Socrates refused it. A speech in defence of Socrates (ὑπερ Σωκράτους πρὸς Πολυκράτην) is mentioned several times by the scholiast on Aristeides. It was composed probably some years after the death of Socrates, as an epideictic oration in reply to a similar speech against Socrates by the sophist Polycrates. This is doubtless the speech which Cicero and Diogenes wrongly believed to have been composed for use in the actual trial of Socrates. See Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, 2nd ed., i. p. 351.
[39]: Cf. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Ἀρχαίων κρίσις, v. 1 ὡς ἀναγιγνωσκόμενον μὲν εὔκολον νομίζεσυαι χαλεπὸν δὲ εὑρίσκεσθαι ζηλοῦν πειρωμένοις, when read he is considered easy, but is found to be difficult by any who try to imitate him.
[40]: Demosthenes, Or. lix. 21.
[41]: Plato, Phaedrus, 279 a.
[42]: Lysis, because the word Lysias is inadmissible in the Greek metre. Wyttenbach suggests that the verses were really written in honour of Lysis the Pythagorean.
[43]: Bergk, Poet. Lyr Graec. ii. p. 640. Bergk rightly says that this is only part of a longer poem. The fragment does not indicate that Lysias was older than Isocrates, but some such statement may have been contained in a later part of the poem.
[44]: In 355 b.c. Iphicrates and Timotheüs, Athenian generals who had been unsuccessful, were accused by their colleague, Chares, of treason. Although Iphicrates accepted full responsibility, he was acquitted, but Timotheüs was fined one hundred talents, which he could not pay. He left Athens and soon died.
[45]: Only a fragment (Or. xxxiii.) of this is extant.
[46]: Wealthy Athenians performed in turn special services to the state called liturgies. The most expensive of these was the choregy, which involved the payment, training, and equipment of a chorus for a lyrical or dramatic performance.
[47]: See Isocrates, On the Exchange of Property (Or. xv.), 161.
[48]: 436-435 b.c.
[49]: Plato was born in 428-427 b.c. Lysias, according to this statement, in 459-458. But see note on 835 d above.
[50]: The sanctuary of this Goddess of the Senate’s Hearth was in or near the Prytaneum, which was somewhere on the northern slope of the Acropolis.
[51]: See Isocrates, Philip (Or. v.), 81; Panathenaic (Or. xii.), 9.
[52]: i.e. the Panegyric, delivered at Olympia.
[53]: The trierarchy was one of the liturgies which wealthy citizens were obliged to perform. Being trierarch thus showed wealth.
[54]: 365 b.c.
[55]: The text of Photius reads Xenophon the son of Gryllus and Theopompus.
[56]: 338-337 b.c.
[57]: This popular story of Isocrates’ death is given also by Lucian (?), Macrobioi 23, Pausanias, i. 18. 8, and Plutarch, 838 below. It is made famous by Milton in his tenth sonnet: as that dishonest victory At Chaeronea, fatal to liberty, Killed by report that old man eloquent But Isocrates himself, at the end of his third letter, writes to Philip: But I am grateful to old age for this thing only, that it has continued my life to this point, so that of the things which I meditated in my youth and undertook to write in my Panegyric Oration and in that which I sent to you, I now see some being accomplished through your deeds and hope that others will be accomplished. Apparently he was well pleased with Philip’s success. See Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, 2nd ed., ii. p. 97.
[58]: From the Archelaüs; Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 427, no. 228.
[59]: Iphigeneia in Tauris, 1.
[60]: From the Phrixus; Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 627, no. 819. Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, 2nd ed., ii. p. 97, thinks these lines enumerate three intrusions of foreigners into Greece. The fourth - not mentioned - would then be that of the Macedonians under Philip.
[61]: Under the Athenian empire in the fifth century, by the Spartans after the Peloponnesian War, by the Thebans under Epameinondas, and by the Macedonians. All these Isocrates himself had seen. But see note d above.
[62]: In L.C.L. Isocrates, vol. ii. pp. 368 ff.
[63]: Ibid. pp. 181 ff. If anyone proposed that a certain man be obliged to perform one of the liturgies which were required of wealthy Athenians, the man of whom this was required could challenge the proposer to an exchange of properties, which might transfer the obligation.
[64]: Mausolus, ruler of Halicarnassus, died in 353 b.c. His widow, Artemisia, caused eulogies to be written in competition by Greek orators and completed the magnificent tomb which he had, apparently, begun. This magnificent building - the Mausoleum - was designed by Greek architects and decorated by famous Greek sculptors. The remains of the sculpture include portrait statues of Maussolus and Artemisia and are among the most highly prized possessions of the British Museum.
[65]: Cynosarges was a region in Athens in which was a great gymnasium.
[66]: cf.Moralia, 613 a.
[67]: Attributed to Pericles by Plutarch, Life of Pericles, chap. viii., and Cicero, De Officiis, i. 40. 144.
[68]: The great work of Ephorus was a history of the world (primarily of Greece) from the return of the Heracleidae to the siege of Perinthus in 340 b.c. From this work Plutarch and others derived much of their information. Ephorus was born early in the fourth century and died about 320 b.c.
[69]: Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graec. ii. p. 329. The column and statue existed in the time of Pausanias (Paus. i. 18. 8). A bust in the Villa Albani in Rome may be a late copy of the head of this statue or, more probably, since Leochares was a famous sculptor, of the statue at Eleusis mentioned above.
[70]: This seems to have been situated near the north-west wall of the Acropolis, west of the Erechtheum: Cf. Judeich, Topographie von Athen ², p. 283. Two maidens were chosen each year to carry the peplos at the Panathenaic festival and were called Arrephoroi.
[71]: See note on 837 f.
[72]: The Pompeium was just inside the Dipylon gate, at which point the processions began. It was the storehouse for objects used in processions.
[73]: 369-368 b.c.
[74]: 342-341 b.c.
[75]: When a poet (διδάσκαλος) wished to avoid the labour of presenting a play he could delegate the management to a hypodidascalus, another poet experienced in such matters. We have many instances of this practice in the didascalic notices, notably in the case of Aristophanes.
[76]: The City or Greater Dionysia were celebrated in March, the Rural or Lesser Dionysia in the various demes of Attica in December, and the Lenaean festival in December. At all of these dramas were performed, but new tragedies were not produced at the Rural Dionysia, and for a time the same was true of the Lenaean festival. A series of dramas comprised three tragedies and a satyr drama. The two prizes of Aphareus are recorded in an inscription, I.G. ii.² 2325 b (ed. min.).
[77]: Statues erected to honour one person were not infrequently transferred to another by changing the inscriptions. Dio Chrysostom in his Oration to the Rhodians condemns this practice.
[78]: Cf. Dion. Hal. De Isaeo Iudicium, 2 χαρακτῆρα δὲ Λυσίου κατὰ τὸ πλεῖστον ἐζήλωσε, he emulated in the highest degree the character of Lysias.
[79]: See below, Demosthenes, 844 b.
[80]: Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, 2nd ed., ii. p. 499, interprets this as referring to figures of thought (construing τὴν διάνοιαν with σχηματίζειν). Cf. 835 b supra ἀσχημάτιστος of Andocides.
[81]: Cf. Kock, Com. Att. Frag. i. p. 737, no. 18.
[82]: A catalogue of the tribe Oeneis, I.G. ² 2408, gives his full name: Ἀτρόμητος Αἰσχίνου Κοθοκίδης. It gives also the name of Aeschines’ son Ἀτρόμητος.
[83]: Demosthenes, xviii. 261; xix. 246. The festivals in question are those held in the small towns of Attica. Aristodemus was one of the most noted tragic actors of his time. Born at Metapontum, he was granted Athenian citizenship and was one of the envoys (among whom were Aeschines, Demosthenes, and Philocrates) who made the peace of Philocrates with Philip in 346 b.c.
[84]: More accurately in Photius, the dramatic festivals held in the small towns of Attica. For the ancient accounts of Aeschines’ career as an actor see O’Connor, Actors and Acting in Ancient Greece, pp. 74 ff. Kelly Rees, The Rule of Three Actors in the Classical Greek Drama, pp. 31 ff., has shown that the term tritagonist was invented by Demosthenes as an opprobrious epithet and it is applied in antiquity to not other actor than Aeschines; also that it meant, not actor of third-rate roles, but third-rate actor; Cf. Bekker, Anecdota, p. 309. 31 ἀδοκιμώτατος τῶν ὑποκριτῶν, ἐν τῇ τρίτῃ τάξει καταριθμούμενος.
[85]: Old tragedies are those which had been performed in Athens before.
[86]: But see below, 840 e, where the more probable statement is made that he had no teacher. Cf. the anonymous Life of Aeschines, 13, Quintilian, ii. 17. 12, and Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, 2nd ed., iii. p. 157.
[87]: Aeschines was sent in 347 and 346 b.c. on two embassies to Philip concerning peace. The second is probably the one especially referred to here. In his orations On the Peace (346 b.c.) and On the False Legation (343 b.c.) Demosthenes attacks Aeschines and his colleagues.
[88]: The author’s extreme brevity reduces to two sentences the events of about eight years. The acquittal of Aeschines took place in 343 b.c.
[89]: Anyone who brought a suit against another for proposing a measure forbidden by law was subject to a fine and was debarred from bringing any similar suit if he received less than one-fifth of the votes cast by the dicasts.
[90]: Demosthenes, xviii. (On the Crown) 259, 308.
[91]: In L.C.L. Aeschines, pp. 15 ff.
[92]: Ibid. pp. 303 ff.
[93]: Demosthenes, xviii. (On the Crown) p. 271, 134.
[94]: Aeschines, On the False Legation, 149.
[95]: Demosthenes xix. (On the False Legation) 2 and 285.
[96]: Aeschines, On the False Legation, 178.
[97]: The Hellenotamiae were a board of ten members who collected and administered the tribute paid to Athens by the members of the Delian Confederacy.
[98]: 338-326 b.c. The title of his office is not known. No regular office so extensive as this is mentioned in Aristotle’s Constitution of Athens. He may have been in charge of the theoric fund or the military fund, or both, by virtue of a special commission, which in the next generation became a regular office; see Ferguson, Hellenistic Athens, p. 10, Tarn, Cambridge Ancient History, vi. p. 441. The period meant may be the quinquennium.
[99]: See Decree III, below, 852.
[100]: Roughly equivalent to £3,026,000 or $15,130,000, or more at present values.
[101]: Probably while he was in control of the finances. Cf. Dörpfeld and Reisch, Das griechische Theater, pp. 39 f.
[102]: The third day of the Anthesteria, the thirteenth day of the month Anthesterium.
[103]: The τραγῳδοὶ and κωμῳδοὶ alone were eligible to be chosen by lot as protagonists for the tragedies and comedies to be presented at the City Dionysia, the subordinate roles being assigned to plain ὑποκριταί. Prior to the passage of the law of Lycurgus those only were eligible who had previously won a victory at the City Dionysia. The effect of the law of Lycurgus was, therefore, to increase the number of thos efrom whom the archon could choose a κωμῳδός for each of the five comedies to be presented. See Rohde, Rheinisches Museum, xxxviii. p. 276, and J. B. O’Connor, Chapters in the History of Actors and Acting, pp. 57 ff.
[104]: Prisoners of war were usually auctioned off into slavery regardless of their previous condition. If such a captive could prove his free birth through the testimony of the man who owned him when taken captive, he could not under this new law be purchased by any Athenian for slavery, cf. M. H. E., Meier, Comment. de vita Lycurgi, xxxix. ff.
[105]: This refers to the great annual procession to Eleusis in the celebration of the mysteries of Demeter and Persephonê.
[106]: The story may well be apocryphal. The saying of Lycurgus, repeated by Plutarch in his Comp. of Nicias and Crassus, 3, is not there connected with the Eleusis incident; and Aelian, Var. Hist. xiii. 24, expressly states that the statesman’s wife paid a fine after legal condemnation, not a bribe to the informer.
[107]: The tax was twelve drachmas.
[108]: Several decrees moved by him are extant,e.g. I.G. ii.² 337, 338.
[109]: The Corcyraean whip was especially stinging, and the orator’s outbreak means: I would give a great deal to use a cat-o’-nine-tails on you people.
[110]: Cf. Demosthenes, Epistle iii., and Aeschines, Epistle xii. 14.
[111]: Judeich, Topogr. v. Athen ², p. 409, conjectures that the garden of Melanthius was in the neighbourhood of the Academy.
[112]: The Bouleuterion was the meeting-place of the Boulê or Senate; the foundations of this and of the temple of the Great Mother have recently been found on the west side of the Agora. See T. L. Shear, Hesperia, iv. pp. 349 ff.
[113]: His death occurred about 324 b.c.
[114]: 338-337 b.c.
[115]: At Eleusis in connexion with the Eleusinian Mysteries.
[116]: The Torch-bearer was an important functionary in the Eleusinian Mysteries. The office was hereditary.
[117]: Of these only the speech against Leocrates has come down to us.
[118]: The inscription on the base of this statue is probably preserved in I.G. ii.² 3776. Another statue stood not far from the Prytaneium; Cf. Pausanius, i. 8. 2.
[119]: 307-306 b.c. See the Decree below, 851 ff.
[120]: The drachma was worth, in silver, about 9d. or 18 cents, the mina 100 drachmas, the talent 60 minas. The sums mentioned are therefore roughly equivalent to £1: 16s. ($9), £40,960 ($172,800), and £3: 12 s. ($18), but the fluctuations in the value of modern currencies render such calculations very inexact. See Decree III. below, 851 f-852 e.
[121]: Aristophanes, Birds, 1296 and scholium. But it was the grandfather of the orator and statesman to whom Aristophanes referred.
[122]: This altar may have stood in front of the temple of Apollo Patroüs; Cf. Judeich, Topographie von Athen ², p. 345, n. 4.
[123]: 334-333 b.c.
[124]: He was born in 384 b.c.; cf. Orations xxx. 15 and xxi. 154.
[125]: The bronze Hermes Agoraios was ἐν μέσῇ τῇ ἀγορᾷ (schol. Aristoph. Eq. 297; Cf. Paus. i. 15. 1) and παρὰ τὴν ποικίλην (Lucian, Iup. Trag. 33).
[126]: i.e. at the age of twenty. This service, designed to be a training for citizenship, lasted two years.
[127]: 364-363 b.c.
[128]: This is incorrect. The author seems to have confused Demophon and his father Demeas. Demosthenes accused Aphobus chiefly, and Aphobus was his cousin, not his uncle. Cf. Demosthenes, xxix. (Against Aphobus for False Witness) 59, also 6 and 20; xxviii. (Against Aphobus II.) 15; xxvii. (Against Aphobus I.) 4.
[129]: Aristophon, a second-rate but influential politician, was especially active in the decade preceding the choregia of Demosthenes, but no connexion can be perceived between his retirement and Demosthenes’ choregia. He lived to be nearly 100 years old (ἤδη).
[130]: An indication of Demosthenes’ restored fortune. The choregus was a wealthy man who equipped the chorus for dramas and superintended its training.
[131]: A tragic actor of the first part of the fourth century b.c. See O’Connor, Chapters in the History of Actors and Acting in Ancient Greece, p. 78. Plutarch, Life of Demosthenes, chap. vii. assigns to Satyrus about the same relation to the orator’s training as is here assigned to Andronicus.
[132]: On the meaning, broader than that of our delivery, in Greek rhetoric see Aristotle, Rhetoric, iii., ad init.
[133]: Kock, Com. Att. Frag. ii. p. 128, no. 296. For Demosthenes’ metrical oath here parodied see Life of Demosthenes, chap. vii.
[134]: 385-384 b.c.
[135]: 349-348 b.c.
[136]: 348-347 b.c.
[137]: 363-362 b.c.
[138]: 324-323 b.c.
[139]: Aeschines brought a suit on grounds of illegality against Ctesiphon, who proposed in 336 b.c. that Demosthenes be honoured by the city with a golden crown. The case was tried in 330 b.c., when Aeschines delivered his oration Against Ctesiphon and Demosthenes his oration On the Crown. Aeschines received less than one-fifth of the votes of the dicasts, and was therefore condemned to pay a fine of 1000 drachmas and to forfeit the right to bring any similar suit.
[140]: In 338 b.c., when Philip destroyed the independence of Greece.
[141]: Apparently a jest in connexion with the story of his cowardice.
[142]: This indicates that he had not disgraced himself.
[143]: On these contributions Cf. Aeschines, iii. (Against Ctesiphon) 17, and Demosthenes, xviii. (On the Crown) 118.
[144]: Delegations sent to sacred places to attend festivals and the like.
[145]: Harpalus, treasurer of Alexander, embezzled a large sum and fled first to Tarsus, then, in 324 b.c., to Greece.
[146]: A stadium was about equal to a furlong and was the usual short-distance run. The dolichos was twenty stadia.
[147]: This Archias was a tragic actor recorded as victor at the Lenaea circa 330 b.c. in I.G. ii.² 2325 n. Plutarch, Life of Demosthenes, chap. xxviii. names several other prominent Athenians hunted down by him, among them Hypereides. Cf. p. 441 below. Another version of Demosthenes’ retort to Archias is given ibid. 29.
[148]: See Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graec. ii. p. 331.
[149]: This was a large area in the Market Place which was enclosed at ostracisms, and perhaps at other times, within a barrier of rope for the better control of the popular assembly. Since the contiguous altar of the Twelve Gods has recently (vide Shear in Hesperia, iv. pp. 355 ff.) been uncovered in the northern part of the Agora, this enclosure can no longer, with Judeich (Topographie von Athen ², p. 250), be placed in the south-west area, on the slopes of the Areopagus.
[150]: These were the words usually employed at the beginning of letters.
[151]: Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. i. p. 407.
[152]: 336 b.c.
[153]: See Life of Demosthenes, chap. xxii.
[154]: The Prytaneum was the building in which the Prytanes who formed the executive committee of the Senate held their meetings. Maintenance in the Prytaneum was often voted in recognition of service to the state.
[155]: See above, 847 a.
[156]: 280-279 b.c.
[157]: 271-270 b.c.
[158]: Cf. Aeschines, i. (Against Timarchus) 131. The nickname is also said to refer to his stammering.
[159]: An ass’s shadow was proverbial for things utterly trivial.
[160]: Demosthenes, vi. (Second Philippic) 30; xix. (False Legation) 46.
[161]: This does not agree with what has been said above about his preparing all his speeches.
[162]: In the Athenian courts of law the parties to a suit were obliged to speak in person, therefore those who were not sure of their own ability hired others to write their speeches, which they learned by heart and delivered.
[163]: The comic poets of the time were very free with such insinuations, e.g. Timocles in his Delos (Kock, Com. Att. Frag. ii. p. 432) mentions both Demosthenes and Hypereides.
[164]: Such offices or liturgies were imposed upon wealthy men only, and the fact that he undertook one may have led to the belief that he partook of the Persian funds, or that belief may have led to the imposition of the offices.
[165]: The shadow of the shields made him fail to see the laws (taking παριδόντα literally).
[166]: After the death of Alexander the Great the Greeks revolted, but they lacked leadership, and when they were defeated in an engagement at Crannon, Thessaly, in August 322 b.c., the Greek states came to terms separately with Antipater.
[167]: See above, p. 427, note b.
[168]: At Hermionê.
[169]: Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. i. p. 50.
[170]: At Athens, probably south-east from the Acropolis.
[171]: Only small fragments of these were preserved until, at various times in the nineteenth century, six more or less complete orations were discovered in Egyptian papyrus manuscripts.
[172]: Another comic gibe against a public man supposed to be a gourmand. Athenaeus viii. 341 ff. quotes from the Delos and Icarians of Timocles gossip of this kind against Hypereides.
[173]: The traditional text is certainly corrupt; Cf. critical notes. The inference seems to have been drawn from the orator’s amatory record that his advocacy of Phrynê at her famous trial was due to an intimacy with her. An advocate was never examined with the defendant.
[174]: Explained by Athenaeus xiii. 590 d ἐν τῷ ὑπὲρ Φρύνης λόγῳ Υπερείδης ὁμολογῶν ἐρᾶν τῆς γυναικός. Hypereides’ speech was translated into Latin by Messala Corvinus (Quintilian x. 5. 2).
[175]: This version is foudn also in Athenaeus xiii. 590 e, but the comic poet Poseidippus in his Ephesian Lady (ibid. 591 e; Kock, Com. Att. Frag. iii. p. 339) attributes Phrynê’s acquittal to her own arts.
[176]: The belief that Alexander died of poison was apparently unfounded.
[177]: In 323-322 b.c. after Alexander’s death, when the Greeks under Leosthenes besieged the Macedonian Antipater in Lamia near Thermopylae. A large part of Hypereides’ funeral oration is preserved.
[178]: An archon Xenias is unknown. Euxenippus, suggested by Schafer, was archon in 305-304 b.c., but Hypereides was then dead. Possibly the archon Archias, 346-345 b.c., is intended, in which case the gift for Phocion may have had some connexion with the battle of Tamynae.
[179]: 334-323 b.c.
[180]: The Lyceum, i.e. the Peripatetic School.
[181]: 318 b.c.
[182]: If he was a Corinthian by birth, he would be debarred from such speaking.
[183]: 307-306 b.c.
[184]: Evidently Deinarchus suspected theft or fraud.
[185]: Only a fragment of this speech is extant.
[186]: Apparently the son of the Laches, son of Demochares, mentioned above, 847 d, that is, the orator’s nephew.
[187]: 356, 353, and 348 b.c.
[188]: 271-270 b.c. See above, pp. 431 f., where the same facts are given.
[189]: 294-290 b.c. The war ended with the surrender of Athens to Demetrius Poliorcetes.
[190]: 288-287 b.c.
[191]: 307-306 b.c. Much of the substance of this document is contained in the Life of Lycurgus, see pp. 395 ff. above.
[192]: Maidens of good birth who carried baskets of offerings in the processions.