[1]: Plutarch probably has Plato in mind, and is thinking of passages like The Last Judgement (Gorgias, 523 ff.).
[2]: Preventitives of intoxication; herbs or seeds (Plutarch,Symp.. 647 B, Athenaeus, 24 C), or nuts (Plutarch,Symp.. 624 C) which were eaten, or stones (Pliny, N.H. xxxvii. 9. 124) which were hung about the neck, in the belief that they would resist drunkenness.
[3]: Cf. Leutsch and Schneidewin, Paroemiographi Graeci, i. p. 299; Plutarch, Moralia, 734 E.
[4]: Homer, Od. iv. 230.
[5]: Homer, Il. xiv. 216.
[6]: Homer, Il. vi. 130.
[7]: Plato, Laws, 773 D.
[8]: Cf. Theophrastus, De causis plantarum, iii. 1. 5.
[9]: Nauck,Trag.Graec. Frag., Sophocles, No. 747.
[10]: Proverbial; cf. Aristotle, Metaphysics, i. 2.
[11]: Cf. Plato, Phaedo, 60 A.
[12]: Nauck,Trag.Graec. Frag., Adesp., No. 349.
[13]: Homer, Iliad, xx. 60.
[14]: Spoken by Thetis of the death of her son Achilles, as we are told by Plato, Republic, ii. p. 383 B, who quotes the passage more fully. Cf. Nauck,Trag. Graec. Frag., Aeschylus, No. 350.
[15]: Homer, Od. xi. 470 and 360.
[16]: Homer, Od. xi. 223.
[17]: Homer, Il. xxii. 210.
[18]: Ibid. iv. 84.
[19]: From the Niobe, of Aeschylus; Nauck,Trag.Graec. Frag., Aeschylus, No. 156.
[20]: Pindar, Frag. 130 Christ.
[21]: Homer, Od. xxiv. 11.
[22]: Cf. Nauck,Trag.Graec. Frag., Sophocles, No. 748.
[23]: Homer, Od. xi. 72.
[24]: Homer, Il. xvi. 856 and xxii. 362.
[25]: Euripides, Iphigenia at Aulis, 1218.
[26]: The passage is quoted more fully by Sextus Empiricus, Adv. math. vii. 122-4; cf. Diels, Poetarum Philosophorum Fragmenta, Empedocles, No. 2
[27]: Quoted with two additional lines by Sextus Empiricus, Adv. math. vii. 49; cf. Diels, Poet. Philos. Frag., Xenophanes, No. 34.
[28]: Plato, Phaedo, 69 D.
[29]: Euripides, Phoenissae, 324.
[30]: From lines spoken by Ixion in an unknown play; cf. Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag., adesp., No. 4.
[31]: From an unknown poet of the new comedy; cf. Kock, Comicorum Atticorum Fragmenta, iii. 430.
[32]: Homer, Il. iii. 369 ff. and 441 ff.
[33]: Kock, Com. Att. Frag., Menander, No. 217, and Allinson, Menander, in L.C.L., p. 356.
[34]: Homer, Od. vi. 148.
[35]: Homer, Il. ii. 189.
[36]: Ibid. i. 24.
[37]: Ibid. i. 225.
[38]: Ibid. i. 223.
[39]: Ibid., xxiii. 24.
[40]: Homer, Od., viii. 329.
[41]: Homer, Il. viii. 198.
[42]: Ibid. iv. 104.
[43]: Ibid. xiv. 166 ff.
[44]: Homer, Od. viii. 239.
[45]: Ibid. viii. 492.
[46]: Homer, Il. xv. 32.
[47]: From Euripides, Archelaus, Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Euripides, No. 254. The second line is again quoted by Plutarch, Moralia, 1049 F.
[48]: From Euripides, Archelaus, Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Euripides, No. 254. The second line is again quoted by Plutarch, Moralia, 1049 F.
[49]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Euripides, No. 1069.
[50]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., No. 1069.
[51]: Ibid., Adesp., No. 350.
[52]: Ibid., Adesp., No. 350.
[53]: Homer, Il. vii. 358 and xii. 232.
[54]: Ibid. vi. 138; Od. iv. 805 and v. 122.
[55]: Homer, Od. vi. 46.
[56]: Homer, Il. xxiv. 525 (again quoted, infra, 22 B).
[57]: Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag., Euripides, No. 972.
[58]: From Euripides, Bellerophon, according to Stobaeus, Florilegium, c. 3, who quotes also six preceding lines; cf. Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Euripides, No. 292. 7.
[59]: Pindar, Isthmian Odes, iv. 48.
[60]: Pindar, Isthmian Odes, vii. 47.
[61]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Sophocles , No. 749.
[62]: Ibid., No. 750.
[63]: From Sophocles, Aleadae; quoted with additional lines by Stobaeus, Florilegium, xci. 27; cf. Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Sophocles, No 85.
[64]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Sophocles, No. 761.
[65]: Ibid., No. 752.
[66]: Perhaps from the Tereus of Sophocles; cf. Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Sophocles, No. 534.
[67]: Kock, Com. Att. Frag. iii., Menander , No. 611, and Allinson, Menander, in L.C.L. p. 506.
[68]: Kock, Com. Att. Frag. iii., Menander, No. 756.
[69]: Ibid. ii., Alexis, No. 271.
[70]: Source unknown; quoted again by Plutarch in Moralia, 534 A.
[71]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Sophocles, No. 753.
[72]: Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Gr. iii. p. 620; cf. Plutarch, Moralia, 170 A.
[73]: Theognis, 177.
[74]: Homer, Od. iv. 197.
[75]: Homer, Il. xxiv. 525 (quoted supra, 20 F).
[76]: Strange of obsolete words.
[77]: Homer, Il. xix. 325.
[78]: Ibid. xxii. 257 and xxiii. 661.
[79]: There was a tradition, preserved in the scholia, that ὦ πόποι, often found in Homer, was the equivalent of ὦ θεοί gods.
[80]: Homer, Od. v. 42, vii. 77, and perhaps x. 474.
[81]: Ibid. iv. 318.
[82]: Homer, Il. xiii. 562.
[83]: Homer, Od. xiii. 419.
[84]: Homer, Il. v. 352.
[85]: Homer, Od. xviii. 332, 392.
[86]: From the Andromeda of Euripides, Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Euripides, No. 145.
[87]: Oedipus Tyrannus, 2.
[88]: Hesiod, Works and Days, 643.
[89]: Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Gr. ii. p. 703.
[90]: Ibid. p. 687.
[91]: Phoenissae, 1006.
[92]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Sophocles, No. 574; again cited by Plutarch, Moralia, 757 B.
[93]: Homer, Il. vii. 329.
[94]: Homer, Il. iii. 276, vii. 202, xxiv. 308.
[95]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Adesp., No. 351.
[96]: Homer, Il. i. 3.
[97]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Adesp., No. 352.
[98]: Hesiod, Works and Days, 86.
[99]: Hesiod, Works and Days, 717.
[100]: The quotation follows Plato, Republic, 379 D, and not Homer, Il. xxiv. 528. The original, however, is quoted in the Moralia, 105 C.
[101]: Homer, Il. vii. 69.
[102]: Homer, Od. viii. 81.
[103]: Homer, Il. xi. 540, 542. The third line is not found in the MSS. of Homer, but on the authority of this passage and 36 A and Aristotle, Rhetoric, ii. 9, and the life of Homer ascribed to Plutarch, it has commonly been printed as line 542 in the editions of Homer.
[104]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Adesp., No. 353.
[105]: Hesiod, Works and Days, 289.
[106]: Homer, Il. xi. 90.
[107]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Euripides, No. 994. Again quoted by Plutarch, Pelopidas, 317 E.
[108]: Homer, Il. xx. 242.
[109]: Hesiod, Works and Days, 313.
[110]: Hesiod, Works and Days, 287.
[111]: Homer, Od. xix. 360.
[112]: Ibid. iv. 93.
[113]: Logically, we should expect here a word meaning happy. See the critical note on the opposite page.
[114]: Kock, Com. Att. Frag. iii. p. 184, and Allinson, Menander in L.C.L. p. 506.
[115]: Euripides, Medea, 603.
[116]: Euripides, Phoenissae, 549.
[117]: From the Aeolus of Euripides; quoted again Moralia, 369 B and 474 A. Cf. Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Euripides, No. 21.
[118]: Homer, Il. xvi. 97.
[119]: Homer, Od. xi. 421.
[120]: Homer, Il. ix. 452.
[121]: Homer, Il. iii. 365.
[122]: Homer, Il. i. 59.
[123]: Ibid. 90.
[124]: Ibid. 220.
[125]: Homer, Il. i. 349.
[126]: These lines are not found in any MS. of Homer, but on the authority of this quotation they have been printed in practically all editions since that of Barnes (1711) as lines 458-61 of Book IX. of the Iliad. Plutarch cites the second and part of the third line in the Life of Coriolanus, chap. 32 (229 B), and the last line in Moralia, 72 B.
[127]: Homer, Od. vi. 244.
[128]: Ibid. xviii. 282.
[129]: Kock, Com. Att. Frag. iii. 299. Cf. Alciphro, Epist. iii. 62. The reference is probably to the goat Amalthea, the fabled nurse of the infant Zeus, but Pantazides thinks that Uranium (Οὐράνιον) may have been the woman’s name.
[130]: Homer, Od. xiii. 216.
[131]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Sophocles, No. 755.
[132]: Presumably in the Hippolytus Veiled; cf. Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Eurip., 491.
[133]: Euripides, The Trojan Women, 919.
[134]: Hesiod, Works and Days, 744.
[135]: Homer, Il. iv. 306.
[136]: Euripides, Hippolytus, 424; cited also by Plutarch in Moralia, 1 C.
[137]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Euripides, No. 957.
[138]: A dictum of Heracleitus. It is again quoted by Plutarch, Moralia, 41 A; cf. Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, i. p. 95.
[139]: Homer, Il. i. 163.
[140]: Ibid. ii. 226.
[141]: Ibid. i. 128.
[142]: Homer, Il. ii. 231.
[143]: Ibid. iv. 402.
[144]: Ibid. 404.
[145]: Ibid. 357.
[146]: Ibid. ix. 34.
[147]: Ibid. i. 94-5.
[148]: Homer, Il. ix. 70, and 74-5.
[149]: Ibid. iv. 431.
[150]: Cf. Plato, Apology, 28 F and E.
[151]: Cf. Plutarch, Life of Cato, chap. 9 (341 C).
[152]: Homer, Il. x. 325.
[153]: Ibid. 222.
[154]: Cf. Plutarch, Moralia, 79 D.
[155]: Homer, Il. vii. 214.
[156]: Ibid. vii. 226.
[157]: Homer, Il. vii. 231.
[158]: Ibid. vi. 37.
[159]: Ibid. xi. 122.
[160]: Ibid. xxi. 64.
[161]: Ibid. xxii. 337.
[162]: Kock, Com. Att. Frag. i. p. 513.
[163]: Homer, Il. xi. 313; the first line is quoted infra, 71 F.
[164]: Homer, Od. iii. 52.
[165]: Ibid. xiii. 332.
[166]: Homer, Il. xxiv. 560-1, 569-70.
[167]: Ibid. 584.
[168]: Xenophon, Agesilaus, v. 4.
[169]: Xenophon, Cyropaedia, v. 1. 4.
[170]: Homer, Od. xvi. 274.
[171]: Homer, Il. iii. 320; vii. 202; xxiv. 208
[172]: Ibid. xvi. 233. It is of inerest that this reading is attested also in scholia on the passage.
[173]: Ibid. i. 498.
[174]: Homer, Il. vi. 444.
[175]: Ibid. xvii. 671.
[176]: Ibid. xiii. 354.
[177]: Homer, Od. iii. 20 and 328.
[178]: Homer, Il. xxiii. 570.
[179]: Ibid. xvii. 170.
[180]: Ibid. vi. 104.
[181]: Ibid. vi. 160.
[182]: Homer, Od. iii. 265.
[183]: Homer, Il. xvi. 422.
[184]: Ibid. xiii. 121.
[185]: Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Gr. iii. 622; Timotheus, Frag. 14 ed. Wilamowitz.
[186]: Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes, 599; the lines are quoted also, in whole or in part, by Plutarch, Moralia, 8 B, 186 B, and the Life of Aristeides, chap. iii. (320 B).
[187]: Homer, Il. xxiii. 297.
[188]: Presumably in his Homeric Questions.
[189]: Homer, Il. xxiv. 130.
[190]: Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Gr. ii. p. 687.
[191]: From the Aeolus of Euripides, Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Euripides, Euripides, No. 17.
[192]: Euripides, Electra, 428.
[193]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag. Sophocles, No. 789; quoted by Plutarch also in Moralia, 204 D and the Life of Pompey chap. lxxviii. (661 A).
[194]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Adesp. No. 354.
[195]: Euripides, Iphigenia at Aulis, 29; quoted also in Moralia, 103 B.
[196]: From the Chrysippus of Euripides; Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Euripides, No. 841; again quoted by Plutarch, Moralia, 446 A.
[197]: Kock, Com. Att. Frag. iii. p. 135; again quoted by Plutarch, Moralia, 801 C.
[198]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Adesp. No, 355; again quoted by Plutarch, Moralia, 766 F.
[199]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Adesp. No. 356.
[200]: Hesiod, Works and Days, 348.
[201]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Euripides, No. 958; again quoted by Plutarch, Moralia, 106 D. Cf. Cicero, Ad Atticum, ix. 2a, 2.
[202]: From the Bridal Manager of Menander, cf. Kock, Com. Att. Frag. iii. Menander, No. 114, and Allinson, Menander in L.C.L. p. 342.
[203]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Adesp. No. 9; again quoted by Plutarch with variant reading, Moralia, 72 E.
[204]: The Greeks were very fond, not only of cock-fights, but also of quail-fights. Another form of the latter sport known as ὀρτυγοκοπία is often referred to by Greek writers and is perhaps best described by Pollus ix. 102 and 107. The quails were put into an enclosed ring, and their courage was tested by tapping them on the head with the finger or by pulling the feathers on op of their heads. If a bird showed fight, its owner won. Plutarch in the present passage, without doubt, uses ὀρτυγοκοπία to cover all forms of the sport.
[205]: From the Aeolus of Euripides. Nauck, TGF., Euripides, No. 20; cf. Cicero, Tusculan Disputations, v. 16.
[206]: Nauck, TGF., Adesp. No. 357.
[207]: Homer, Il. iii. 39.
[208]: Ibid. xvii. 142.
[209]: Homer, Il. ii. 173.
[210]: Ib. vii. 47.
[211]: Ib. xix. 216.
[212]: Ib. xi. 608.
[213]: Ib. i. 225.
[214]: Ib. xxiii. 483.
[215]: Ib. xxiii. 474, 478.
[216]: Ib. xiii. 824.
[217]: Ib. ii. 246.
[218]: Homer, Il. xxi. 331.
[219]: From the Epidicazomenus of Philemon; cf. Kock, Com. Att. Frag. ii. p. 484.
[220]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Adesp. No. 358; again quoted by Plutarch, Moralia, 88 F.
[221]: Ibidem.
[222]: Plutarch says (Moralia, 173 D) that Artaxerxes (Longhand) ordained that nobles who had offended should lay off their clothes, and their clothes should be scourged instead of their bodies. Considerable corroborative evidence is cited by Wyttenbach in his note on Moralia, 565 A.
[223]: Homer, Il. v. 428.
[224]: Not found in the MSS. of Homer but often printed as Iliad, xi. 543. See note on 24 C supra.
[225]: Hesiod, Works and Days, 40.
[226]: Ibid. 265.
[227]: Plato, Gorgias, 473 A ff.
[228]: Plato, Republic, end of Book I. and Book IV.; cf. also 335 B.
[229]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Aeschylus, No. 352.
[230]: One of the leading principles of Epicurus; cf. Diogenes Laertius, x. 140.
[231]: Nothing by Thespis has been preserved, although a few lines attributed to him were current. See Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag. p. 833.
[232]: Plato, Letters, iii. 315 C.
[233]: Bacchylides, i. 21.
[234]: Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Euripides, No. 959.
[235]: Plutarch, as was often his practice (e.g.Moralia, 25 C or 646 C), seems to have condensed this quotation. The original of the first portion appears to have been given by Satyrus in his Life of Euripides (Oxyrhynchus Papyri, ix. 142), Why have you mortals acquired in vain many possessions, and think that by wealth you shall compass virtue? What boots it, should you have in your ancestral halls some fragment of Aetna’s cliff or Parian stone, gold-wrought, which you have secured? Cf. Nauck, Trag.Graec. Frag., Euripides, No. 960.
[236]: The whole passage is a reminiscence of Plato, Republic, vii. chap. 2 (515 E).
[237]: Celebrated lines from the Cresphontes of Euripides. Nauck, TGF., Eurip. No. 449; cf. Cicero, Tusc. Disp. i. 48. 115.
[238]: Nauck, ibid., Eurip. No. 892 (again quoted by Plutarch, Moralia, 1043 E, 1044 B and F).
[239]: Ibid., Adesp. o 359.
[240]: Ibid., Adesp. No. 360.
[241]: One of Epicurus’s leading principles, Diogenes Laertius, x. 139.
[242]: Another of Epicurus’s leading principles, Diogenes Laertius, x. 144.
[243]: Also from Epicurus, without much doubt, but not to be found in just this form; cf., however, Diogenes Laertius, x. 139, 141, 144.