[1]: Called Tullus Aufidius in the Coriolanus, xxii. 1.
[2]: January 3, 106 B.C. Plutarch follows the Greek method of reckoning from a fixed point in the month. Cicero says (ante diem) III. Nonas Januarieas (ad Att. xiii. 42, 2), the Nones being the fifth of January. Strictly speaking, only the first day of the month was called the Calends, but Plutarch seems to call the opening days of the new official year the new Calends.
[3]: Republic, p. 475 b.
[4]: 90-88 B.C. It was under Pompey, however, that Cicero served (Phil. xii. 11, 27).
[5]: In 82 B.C.
[6]: In translating Cicero’s duobus millibus nummum, Plutarch erroneously reckons in denarii (which were equivalent to drachmas, or francs) instead of in sestertii (worth only one-quarter as much).
[7]: See the oration pro Roscio Amerino.
[8]: This the New Academy refused to admit.
[9]: In 78 B.C.
[10]: Cf. Cicero’s Brutus, 91.
[11]: Cicero returned to Rome in 77 B.C., being in his thirtieth year.
[12]: In 75 B.C.
[13]: Or. pro Plancio, 26. This was in the succeeding year (74 B.C.).
[14]: That is, the last day on which the case could be tried during that year. The city praetor already elected for the coming year (69 B.C.) favoured Verres, and Hortensius, the advocate of Verres, was to be consul in that year. He therefore used every artifice to delay the case. See Cicero, in Verrem, i. 10, 31 ff.
[15]: Of the seven orations against Verres (including the Divinatio in Caecilium) only the first two were delivered; the others were compiled after the verdict had been pronounced.
[16]: See the note on iii. 2.
[17]: In a house purchased after his consulship (ad fam. v. 6, 2).
[18]: Cf. the Marius, xxxii. 1.
[19]: In 66 B.C. Eight praetors were appointed, and the one who received most votes was made city praetor, or chief magistrate.
[20]: Cf. the Sulla, xxxii. 2.
[21]: Cf. Dion Cassius, Hist. Rom. xxxvii. 30, 3.
[22]: For the year 63 B.C.
[23]: See the three orations de lege Agraria, which have come down to us almost intact.
[24]: It was in 67 B.C., four years before Cicero’s consulship, that Lucius Roscius Otho, as tribune of the people, introduced his law giving the equites a special place at the spectacles, namely, the fourteen rows of seats next those of the senators. The law, however, had only recently been enacted.
[25]: Unum debile, infirmo capite (Cicero, pro Murena, 25, 51).
[26]: For the year 62 B.C.
[27]: See the Crassus, xiii 3. Cicero’s treatise on his consulship, there referred to, was written in Greek, and is not extant.
[28]: Dent operam consules ne quid respublica detrimenti capiat (Sallust, Catiline, 29); decrevit quondam senatus ut L. Opimius consul videret ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet (Cicero, in Catil. i. 2, 4).
[29]: From Cicero’s oration pro Sulla (6, 18) and Sallust’s Catiline (28) it appears that the names of these would-be murders were Caius Cornelius and Lucius Vargunteius.
[30]: Cf. Cicero, in Catil. i. 5, 10.
[31]: Cf. Cicero, in Catil. iii. 4, 9.
[32]: At the time of the conspiracy of Catiline the Saturnalia lasted only one day, December 19; in the time of Augustus three days were devoted to them (December 17-19). See the note on Sulla, xviii. 5.
[33]: Cf. Cicero, in Catil. iii. 2, 4-6.
[34]: i.e. for confinement under guard in their own houses (libera custodia).
[35]: The third oration in Catilinam.
[36]: Cf Sallust’s Catiline, 46.
[37]: In some passage no longer extant.
[38]: Cf. Cicero, in Catil. iv. 4, 7.
[39]: The fourth oration in Catilinam.
[40]: Near the beginning of 62 B.C.
[41]: Bestia was tribune in 63 B.C., and could not have had any part in dictating the procedure of Cicero.
[42]: Caesar, as praetor, assumed office January 1, 62 B.C., the day after Cicero laid down the consulship; but the new tribunes for the year 62 assumed office early in December of 63.
[43]: Cicero himself nowhere says this, nor does he mention Cato in connection with the title. In his oration in Pisonem, 3, 6, he says that Quintus Catulus gave him the title in the Senate.
[44]: Acad. Prior. ii. 38, 119.
[45]: Brutus, 31, 121 (si Graece loquatur).
[46]: These letters are not extant.
[47]: The younger Cicero, in a letter to Tiro (ad fam. xvi. 21, 6), says that he had found Gorgias useful as a teacher of declamation, but had dismissed him in obedience to his father’s positive command.
[48]: Worthy of Crassus.
[49]: Usually the mark of a slave.
[50]: Adrastus, mythical king of Argos, gave his two daughters in marriage to Tydeus and Polyneices, both of whom were fugitives from their native cities.
[51]: An iambic trimeter from some lost tragedy, perhaps the Oedipus of Euripides (Nauck, Trag.Graec.Frag.2, p. 911).
[52]: A play upon the phrase (used of a slave) in libertatem reclamare.
[53]: Cf. chapter xix. 3.
[54]: Cf. also the Caesar, x. 7. Each juror was provided with three tablets, on one of which was marked A (absolvo); on a second C (condemno); and on a third N.L. (non liquet). The jurors voted by placing one of these tablets in the urn. Plutarch must have misunderstood his source.
[55]: Cf. Cicero, ad Att. i. 16, 5.
[56]: Cf. Cicero, ibid. 16, 10.
[57]: For the year 58 B.C.
[58]: According to Cicero (ad Att. ii. 18, 3), it was Caesar who made the request.
[59]: To a garb of mourning.
[60]: Cf. Cicero’s oration post red. ad Quir. 3, 8.
[61]: Not the consul who is mentioned in xxx. 1 and below in § 4.
[62]: Cf. Cicero, de leg. ii. 17, 42; ad fam. xii. 25, 1.
[63]: Rather Bruttium.
[64]: Cf. Cicero, pro Plancio, 40, 95 ff.
[65]: As his letters to Atticus (iii. 8-21) show.
[66]: Cf. Cicero, pro Sest. 31, 67 f.; Plutarch, Pompey, xlix. 1-3.
[67]: 57 B.C.
[68]: Cf. Cicero, pro Sest. 35, 75 f.
[69]: On the question of Cicero’s recall.
[70]: Cf. Cicero, in Pisonem, 22, 52.
[71]: Cf. Cicero, post red. in sen. 15, 39.
[72]: Clodius had secured an adoption into a plebeian family in order to become a candidate for the tribuneship. Cf. Cicero, pro domo sua, 29, 77.
[73]: Early in 52 B.C. For this year Pompey had been made sole consul.
[74]: In 53 B.C. See the Crassus, chapter xxv.
[75]: In 51 B.C.
[76]: Cf. Cicero, ad fam. ii. 10, 2 f.
[77]: Ad fam. ii. 11, 2.
[78]: January 4, 49 B.C. Cf. ad fam. xvi. 11, 2 f.
[79]: Ego vero quem fugiam habeo, quem sequar non habeo (ad Att. viii. 7, 2).
[80]: In April, 49 B.C., Caesar set out for Spain and in June Cicero sailed for Greece.
[81]: At Dyrrhachium. See the Caesar, xxxix.; Caesar, B.C. iii. 41-55.
[82]: In August, 48 B.C.
[83]: Cf. Cato the Younger, lv. 3.
[84]: In September, 47 B.C.
[85]: Cf. pro Ligario, 9, 27 f.
[86]: In Latin, respectively, visum (conception), assensio (assent), assensionis retentio (withholding of assent), comprehensio (perception), individuum (atom), vacuum (void); ameres (indivisible), with its Latin equivalent, does not occur in the extant works of Cicero (Gudeman).
[87]: Cf. Odyssey, i. 189 ff.
[88]: Tullia was old enough to have lost her first husband and married a second (§ 5).
[89]: Publilia, of patrician family.
[90]: On the Ides of March, 44 B.C.
[91]: These declared a general amnesty after the overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants by Thrasybulus in 403 B.C.
[92]: Cf. Plutarch’s Brutus, chapter xx.
[93]: In 43 B.C.
[94]: Where he was studying.
[95]: Caesar’s widow had made Antony guardian of the estate.
[96]: According to Dion Cassius (xlv. 2) and Suetonius (Divus Augustus, 94), Cicero dreamed that Octavius was let down from heaven by a chain of gold, and presented with a whip by Jupiter.
[97]: Cicero, ad Brutum, i. 17, 5 (Brutus to Atticus).
[98]: Cf. the Brutus, xxiv. 2; xxvi. 3.
[99]: Near Mutina, a city in Gallia Cispadana, early in the year 43 B.C. Octavius Caesar acted in conjunction with the two consuls. Cf. Appian, B.C., iii. 71.
[100]: In August, 43 B.C., when only twenty years of age.
[101]: Cicero was murdered on the seventh of December, 43 B.C.
[102]: At Alexandria, in 30 B.C. (see the Antony, lxxxi. 1 f.).