[1]: Cf. the Marius, xliv. 1-4.
[2]: Cf. the Cicero, xxii.
[3]: An equivalent, roughly, of £60,000, or $300,000, with four or five times the purchasing power of modern money.
[4]: In 58 B.C.
[5]: Cf. the Pompey, xxxix. 2.
[6]: Cf. the Cato Minor, xxxv.; the Pompey, xlix. 5 ff.
[7]: The evil deity of the Egyptians, buried under the Serbonian marshes (Herodotus, iii. 5).
[8]: The pretended son of Mithridates, who had married Berenicé, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and queen of Egypt after the expulsion of her father. His death occurred in 55 B.C.
[9]: That is ten times 100,000 sesterces, or 250,000 denarii. For the Roman denarius Plutarch regularly uses the nearly equivalent Greek drachma (which had about the value of the French franc).
[10]: In 50 B.C.
[11]: For the events narrated in this chapter, cf. also the Pompey, lviii. f.; the Caesar, xxx. f.
[12]: Phil. ii. 22, 55: ut Helena Trojanis, sic iste huic rei publicae belli causa, causa pestis atque exitii fuit.
[13]: Early in 48 B.C. Cf. the Caesar, xxxvii. 2.
[14]: The second Philippic pictures Antony’s excesses.
[15]: In 45 B.C.
[16]: Cf. the Caesar, lxii. 5; the Brutus, viii. 1.
[17]: Cf. the Caesar, chapter lxi.
[18]: Cf. the Caesar, lxvii. 4; the Brutus, xix. 3.
[19]: Cf. the Cicero, xlii. 2 ff.; the Brutus, xx. 3.
[20]: In Latin, Orcini, from Orcus, the god of the lower world, to whom the Greek Charon is made to correspond.
[21]: Chapter xi. 1.
[22]: In 43 B.C. Cf. the Cicero, xlv. 3.
[23]: Cf. the Cicero, xlvi. 3.
[24]: Cf. the Cicero, xlviii. 4.
[25]: In 41 B.C.
[26]: Thebes, in the Oedipus Rex, 4.
[27]: Iliad, xiv. 162, of Hera, decking herself for a meeting with Zeus.
[28]: Gorgias, p. 464.
[29]: Towards the end of the year 40 B.C.
[30]: That is, he was made Pontifex Maximus.
[31]: In the Erechtheium, on the Acropolis.
[32]: A sacred spring just below the ancient portal of the Acropolis (Pausanias, i. 28, 4).
[33]: In 38 B.C. See the Crassus, xxxiii. 5, with the note.
[34]: Cf. Phaedrus, 254 A.
[35]: In 36 B.C. Cf. the Crassus, xxxiii. 5.
[36]: See the Themistocles, xxix. 7.
[37]: See the Crassus, x. 2.
[38]: See chapter xxxvii. 2.
[39]: See chapter xxxviii. 3.
[40]: See chapter xxxix. 7.
[41]: It was the testudo, described in Dio Cassius, xlix. 3.
[42]: About a quart.
[43]: Cf. chapter xxxvii, 1.
[44]: In 34 B.C. Cf. chapter liii. 6.
[45]: In 35 B.C.
[46]: The summer of 32 B.C.
[47]: One of the groups of figures at the south wall of the Acropolis dedicated by Attalus I. of Pergamum. See Pausanias, i. 25, 2, with Frazer’s notes.
[48]: Chapters iv. 1 f. and xxiv. 3.
[49]: As Cleopatra was called the New Isis (liv. 6).
[50]: Young men approaching full military age, enrolled for preliminary training and service.
[51]: Sept. 2, 31 B.C.
[52]: The commander of Caesar’s centre, as Plutarch should have stated at lxv. 1.
[53]: See the Brutus, chapter 1.
[54]: By Red Sea Plutarch here means the upper part of the Arabian Gulf.
[55]: Choes-day, the second day of the great festival in honour of Dionysus called Anthesteria. It was a day of libations to the dead.
[56]: See the note on lxii. 1. Caesarion was to be educated as a Greek, Antyllus as a Roman.
[57]: Cf. chapter xxviii. 2.
[58]: See chapter lxvii. 7.
[59]: Cf. chapter lxii. 3.
[60]: Aug. 1, 30 B.C.
[61]: An iambic trimeter from an unknown poet (Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag.2 p. 921).