[1]: Cf. a similar statement in Dem. 24.4.
[2]: This expression is used in a similar connection in Isoc. 15.22.
[3]: Plutarch (Plut. Phoc. 9) states that this happened in the case of Phocion.
[4]: This term is used of estates in Isoc. 8.117. Here it is used of both families and their estates. Cf. Isoc. 8.88.
[5]: By the casualties and expenses of war.
[6]: Demagogic leaders of the war party, later termed sycophants. See Isoc. 8.121 ff.
[7]: As head of the Confederacy of Delos, which developed into the Athenian Empire. During the period of supremacy, which lasted from the close of the Persian Wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, Athens frequently disciplined recalcitrant confederate states by expelling their citizens and settling Athenians on their lands. Such settlements were called cleruchies. When Athens formed the new naval confederacy in 378 B.C. it was expressly stipulated by her allies and agreed to by Athens that such abuse of power should not be repeated. But the jingoistic orators advocated nothing less than the restoration of the former empire with all its powers and practices.
[8]: The state which seizes and holds foreign possessions is a robber. Isocrates throughout this discourse proposes to make the moral code within the state the basis of her foreign policy.
[9]: A proverbial tag. Cf. Isoc. 1.29.
[10]: This some what wordy passsage in which the orator becomes the philosopher reflects a fundamental idea of his pedagogy: There can be no exact science or knowledge of what to do in all contingencies and relations of life; the best that we can do is to develop sound, not infalliable, judgement in dealing with them. See General Introd. p. xxvii, Isocrates, Vol. I., L.C.L., and Isoc. 15.184, note.
[11]: Cf. Isoc. 15.21; Dem. 18.6.
[12]: The private morals of men like Eubulus, Callistratus (see Theopompus in Athen. 4.166e), and Philocrates (see Aeschin. 2.52) apparently left much to be desired.
[13]: Aristotle (Aristot. Ath. Pol. 34) states that when, after the battle of Arginusae, 406 B.C., the Spartans made overtures of peace the demagogue Cleophon came before the Assembly drunk and prevented the Athenians from accepting the terms. With this paragraph should be compared Isoc. 15.316 and note.
[14]: The reference is particularly to Eubulus, who caused to be set aside a portion of the public revenues (the “surplus” mentioned in Isoc. 8.82) as a “theoric” fund to be distributed to the people at the public festivals.
[15]: See Isoc. 8.128, note.
[16]: Cf. Socrates in Plat. Apol. 31e: “No man in the world can preserve his life if he honestly opposes himself to you or to any other people and attempts to prevent many unjust and lawless things from being done by the state.”
[17]: The pride of Athens. See Hdt. 5.78; Eur. Hipp. 422.
[18]: The poets of the old comedy exercised an incredible degree of license in ridiculing everything, divine or human, particularly the foibles of the state. These comedies were given at the festival of Dionysus, when many visitors from other states were in Athens. Aristophanes himself says (Aristoph. Ach. 500 ff.) that he was attacked by Cleon for “abusing Athens in the presence of strangers.”
[19]: Isocrates resents their attitude towards himself in the opening remarks of the Antidosis (Isoc. 15).
[20]: The Senate of the Five Hundred was divided into ten committees of 50, each serving a tenth part of the year. Such a committee was called a prytany and its members prytaneis. The prytany formulated measures to be brought before the General Assembly.
[21]: See Introduction, p. 2, note c.
[22]: Eubulus, whose terms of peace were, apparently, not broad enough.
[23]: The Peace of Antalcidas. See Isoc. 4.115, note a.
[24]: See Isoc. 6.27, note.
[25]: Orchomenus (Dio. Sic. 15.79), Oropus (Dio. Sic. 15.76).
[26]: When they agreed to the Peace of Antalcidas.
[27]: Their foreign policy in general.
[28]: The Social War.
[29]: In Isoc. 7.9, he states that in the course of the war Athens had thrown away 1000 talents on mercenary soldiers alone. Demosthenes also bears witness to the poverty and embarrassment of Athens at this time. See Dem. 20.24; Dem. 23.209.
[30]: Of the Peace of Antalcidas.
[31]: See Isoc. 8.128 and note.
[32]: Cf. Aristophanes, Isoc. 8.292 ff.
[33]: According to Demosthenes (Dem. 10.37-38) Athens before the peace had an income of 130 talents; after the peace of 400 talents.
[34]: Foreigners, whether merchants or not, had to pay nonresident fees, ξενικὰ τέλη; resident aliens paid the μετοίκιον of 12 drachmas per man and 6 per woman.
[35]: The reference is to the allies who revolted from Athens both during the Confederacy of Delos and during the New Naval League.
[36]: These are singled out because both Cersobleptes, now virtually master of the Thracian Chersonnes, and Philip, with his growing empire in the north Aegean, were giving Athens trouble at this time.
[37]: See the opening of the Address to Philip, Isoc. 5.
[38]: This was done in 353 when the Athenians captured Sestos and settled colonists in this territory. See Dio. Sic. 16.34.3.
[39]: For these wandering refugees and the problem they presented see Isoc. 5.120 and note.
[40]: An Athenian citizen, he was a private in the sense that he had no official post. He was a free-lance captain of mercenaries who took service in Persia and later in the Thracian Chersonnese. What colony he founded is not known.
[41]: An Athenian orator who had much to do with the formation of the New Naval League, he was charged with treason and retired into exile to Thrace, where he had a part in the recolonization of Datus.
[42]: See Isoc. 8.44-46.
[43]: Probably from the former allies with whom Athens was now at war.
[44]: Cf. Isoc. 5.8.
[45]: Meddlesomeness, ἡ πολυπραγμοσύνη, is used here and elsewhere in the speech as the opposite of ἡσυχία ( or σωφροσύνη, moderation, self-control). The latter contains the idea of quiet living and minding one’s own business in private relations, and in foreign relations, of pursuing peace and avoiding aggression.
[46]: Cf. Isoc. 12.30.
[47]: Advantage in the good sense, which works no disadvantage to others. Cf. Isoc. 3.2, Isocrates, Vol. I., L.C.L.; Isoc. 15.275.
[48]: In the Confederacy of Delos the quotas paid to Athens to support the league were termed φόροι, which, when Athens made it compulsory, came to have the invidious meaning “tribute moneys.” In the New Naval League, the term συντάξεις, contributions, was substituted. Cf. Isoc. 15.123 and Isoc. 7.2.
[49]: To the Common Council of the allies, τὸ κοινὸν συνέδριον τῶν συμμάχιων, which met in Athens.
[50]: At the end of the Peloponnesian War, which was the end of the Confederacy of Delos and of the Empire of Athens.
[51]: In 478 B.C., when the Confederacy of Delos (see Isoc. 12.67 ff. and notes)was formed, Thucydides states that the Ionian Greeks came to Athens and asked her to take the hegemony. See i. 95, 96. Cf. Isoc. 4.72.
[52]: Cf. Isoc. 3.59; Plat. Rep. 392b.
[53]: Literally, virtue and its parts. The particular virtues mentioned by Isocrates are piety, justice, and moderation. See Isoc. 8.63.
[54]: Cf. Isoc. 15.290; Socrates in Plat. Apol. 30a-b: “I go about doing nothing else than trying to persuade you, young and old, not to care for your bodies nor for your possesssions before nor even as much as you care for your soul that it may be the best possible, saying to you that not from your possessons does virtue spring, but from virtue spring possessions and all other good things to makind in private and in public life.” For this as a sound principle of foreign policy see Isoc. 12.185 ff.
[55]: Cf. Isoc. 3.2.
[56]: See Isoc. 1.39 and note.
[57]: That is, bribed to speak. See Isoc. 8.50 and note.
[58]: See 75.
[59]: This term is frequently used to denote the last decade of the Peloponnesian War, from the occupation of the fort of Decelea near Athens by the Spartans in 413 B.C. Cf. 84. During this period the affairs of Athens went from bad to worse.
[60]: As at the end of the Peloponnesian War. Cf. 78.
[61]: Cf. Aesch. PB 378: ψυχῆς νοσούσης εἰσὶν ἰατποὶ λόγοι.
[62]: Cf. Isoc. 4.133.
[63]: The Athenian general Chares employed Asiatic mercenaries in the war against the Athenian allies.
[64]: Cf. Isoc. 4.83.
[65]: By conquest of the revolting allies.
[66]: See Isoc. 4.96.
[67]: Especially the battles of Marathon and Salamis.
[68]: The same complaint is repeatedly made by Demosthenes in the Philippics and the Olynthiacs.
[69]: Between 363-355 B.C. Athens made war on Alexander of Thessaly, King Cotys in the Thracian Chersonnese, Amphipolis, Euboea, Chios, Byzantium, and Potidaea—to mention only the chief campaigns.
[70]: See Introduction to the Panegyricus, Vol. I. p. 117.
[71]: The Athenian general Chares with his mercenary troops actually enlisted during the Social War in the service of the Persian Satrap Artabazus, who paid them well. See Isoc. 7.8, note; Dem. 4.24.
[72]: See General Introd. p. xxxix, Isocrates, Vol. I., L.C.L.
[73]: These troops, whose only thought was for pay or plunder, made no difference between foes and friends. See Isoc. Letter 9.9-10. Demosthenes also (Dem. 23.139) calls them κοινοὶ κατὰ κᾶσαν χώραν ἐχθροί.
[74]: The distinction is between those who were awarded the hegemony and those who later turned the hegemony into an empire maintained by force.
[75]: See 126.
[76]: See19 and Isoc. 7.54.
[77]: See Isoc. 7.54, note.
[78]: Pads for the rowers’ benches.
[79]: See Isoc. 4.23-24.
[80]: See Isoc. 4.37.
[81]: The Athenians were less conservative in the matter of citizenship than other states. Cleisthenes gave citizenship to the resident aliens in Athens at the time of his reforms. In 427 citizenship was conferred upon all the people of Plataeae. From time to time numerous individuals were admitted to this privilege.
[82]: The Triballians were a savage tribe in the interior of Thrace(see Isoc. 12.227); the Lucanians a rude people, noted for their ferocity, in Southern Italy.
[83]: See Isoc. 7.40-41.
[84]: This seems to be a covert attack upon Chares, who according to Theopompus (in Athenaeus xii. 532) paid money to the orators to advocate a war policy, especially to the orator Aristophon, who may be alluded to in 36 and in this paragraph. Chares in the field and Aristophon on the rostrum were the leaders of Athenian jingoism at this time.
[85]: By the oligarchical revolution of 411 B.C., when the government of the Four Hundred was established, and that of 404 B.C., when the reign of the Thirty began.
[86]: For example, Timotheus, who was no flatterer. See Isoc. 15.131 ff. Cf. Isoc. 15.318.
[87]: Aristophanes (Aristoph. Ach. 630) ridicules the Athenians for being quick in making up and in changing their minds. Cf.Aristoph. Eccl. 797.
[88]: Cf. Isoc. 15.316 ff. and notes; Aristoph. Frogs 730 ff.
[89]: Only through a citizen to represent him as his “patron” before the law could a foreign resident enjoy the protection of the state. The word for patron, προστάτης, was also used for the leader of the General Assembly. Hence the play on the word, which can be reproduced only by a free rendering in English.
[90]: For example, Pericles, who personally led a number of expeditions.
[91]: Obviously a jibe at Chares (the enemy of Isocrates’ pupil and friend Timotheus. See Isoc. 15.116, note) who was sent out as στρατηγὸς αὐτοκράτωρ. See Dem. 23.173.
[92]: The Battle of Leuctra, 371 B.C., the end of the Spartan supremacy and the beginning of the Theban hegemony, which lasted but nine years.
[93]: See Isoc. 5.53 ff.
[94]: Not intentionally, but by our mistakes.
[95]: See also Dem. 1.16.
[96]: See 31-35.
[97]: Established by Solon and Cleisthenes, who are much praised in the Areopagiticus, Isoc. 7.
[98]: After 404 B.C.
[99]: In 395, at Corinth, an anti-Spartan alliance was entered.
[100]: That headed by Conon in 395 B.C. is known.
[101]: The Peace of Antalcidas.
[102]: That is, we recognized it as valid not only in our domestic relations but in our foreign policy.
[103]: A round number. Cf. Isoc. 15.234. In 126 he speaks of 8000. Thucydides (ii.13. 3) states that 9700 talents was the largest amount ever stored on the Acropolis.
[104]: Cf. Isoc. 4.130.
[105]: Demosthenes (Dem. 3.21 ff.) compares Aristides and Pericles with the present-day orators who say to the people:“What are your desires; what shall I propose; how can I please you?”
[106]: Hyperbolus, successor to Cleon, the tanner. Aristophanes calls him πονηρός (Aristoph. Peace 684); Thucydides, μοχθηρός (Thuc. 8.73).
[107]: For Cleophon see Isoc. 8.13, note.
[108]: Aristophon and Eubulus.
[109]: Cf.“hopes from the platform,” Dem. 4.45.
[110]: See Isoc. 4.86.
[111]: See Isoc. 4.99.
[112]: See Isoc. 4.72.
[113]: A rhetorical point. It was Pericles’ policy in the Peloponnesian War to meet the enemy only on the sea and to keep on the defensive on land. He was bitterly criticized for keeping the Athenians cooped up within their walls while the Spartans invaded and ravaged their lands.
[114]: See Isoc. 7.6 and note.
[115]: Mercenaries made up the crews at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War. See Thuc. 1.121.
[116]: Cf. Thuc. 2.9.
[117]: The aristocratic families, in order to make room for the democratic faction. Isocrates evidently means that their property was confiscated and used to pay the mercenaries. See Thuc. 8.21. The rhetorical point is the same as in 46.
[118]: Ironical. He means that they mastered the science of making themselves unpopular.
[119]: That is, the theoric fund. See Isoc. 8.13, note. The point of the division into talents is obscure. Perhaps one talent was distributed at each festival.
[120]: The “Greater Dionysia,” celebrated in March.
[121]: The state brought them up at public expense until they were of age for citizenship, at which time they were led before the concourse of the people in the theatre and bidden God speed! See Aeschin. 3.154.
[122]: It appears that the “tribute” money of the allies during the Confederacy of Delos was brought to Athens by their representatives at the time of the Dionysiac festival. See Aristoph. Ach. 505, 643. Besides, the festival attracted many unofficial visitors from the other states.
[123]: That is, the value we attach to it—how we honor their contributions.
[124]: The text clearly means “brought in by paid men.” But μισθωτοί may be either paid servants or paid soldiers. The former meaning is generally preferred by the editors because only in a loose sense could it be said that the tribute was brought in by mercenaries; besides, the present tense is employed. Nevertheless the reader will think of the hirelings mentioned just before (in 79) with whom the Athenians manned their triremes and through whom they forced the payment of the tribute, and doubtless the author so intended.
[125]: This strong position on the slope of Mt. Parnes in Attica was seized and fortified by the Spartans as an outpost from which to raid Athenian territory in 413 B.C.
[126]: The original expedition to Sicily was dispatched in 415 B.C. Strong reinforcements were, however, sent at the time Decelea was fortified by the Spartans. See Thuc. 7.20.
[127]: See Isoc. 8.92.
[128]: Decelea was 14 miles from Athens, but the Athenians kept within their walls, and the Spartans ravaged thier territory almost at will. See Thuc. 7.19 ff.
[129]: Thucydides makes Alcibiades voice the expectation of conquering first Sicily, then Italy, and then Carthage. See Thuc. 6.90.
[130]: So also Thuc. 1.23.
[131]: These were sent to aid Inarus of Egypt in his revolt against Persia, 460 B.C. See Thuc. 1.104 ff.
[132]: Thucydides (Thuc. 1.112) speaks of a fleet of 200 ships of which 60 were sent to Egypt, the remainder under Cimon laying siege to Citium in Cyprus. This expedition, though expensive in the loss of men and money, was not disastrous like the former.
[133]: The text is very uncertain. The reading of the London papyrus is at least preferable since the loss of 10,000 hoplites (unless a hopeless exaggeration) cannot be accounted for if the reading of ΓΕ or that of the other MSS. is adopted. See Laistner in Classical Quarterly xv. p. 81. At the beginning of the Peloponnesian War (according to Thuc. 2.13), the Athenian heavy-armed troops numbered but 29,000. Later (according to Dem. 25.51), the whole body of Athenian citizens numbered but 20,000.
[134]: Diodorus (Dio. Sic. 13.21) gives the same number of men, but 200 ships. Thucydides gives the number of ships as 209 and the number of men as not less than 40,000, including heavy and light armed troops, crews, etc. See especially Thuc. 7.75.5.
[135]: At the battle of Aegospotami in 405 B.C., the denouement of this tragic history. Xenophon (Xen. Hell. 2.1.20) and Diodorus (Dio. Sic. 13.105) give 180 as the number of ships.
[136]: See Isoc. 4.74, note.
[137]: The Ceramicus.
[138]: Cf. Isoc. 8.50. All citizens were duly enrolled in the phratry registers, φρατορικὰ γραμματεῖα and in the state registers, kept in each township, ληξιαρχικὰ γραμματεῖα.
[139]: Pisitratus and his sons, Hippias and Hipparchus. See Aristot. Ath. Pol. 18.
[140]: Cf. Isoc. 8.4.
[141]: They were virtually in a state of seige after the occupation of Decelea by the Spartans, who cut off their food supplies.
[142]: The terrible plague described by Thucydides (i. 23; ii. 48 ff.).
[143]: That is, to rule by consent as against ruling by force—delegated as against irresponsible power. See Isoc. 4.80 ff.
[144]: Cf. Isoc. Letter 7.4.
[145]: Described in 111-113.
[146]: A Spartan garrison occupied the Acropolis during the rule of the Thirty.
[147]: This the Athenians did at Samos in 440 B.C. See Thuc. 1.115.
[148]: The reference is to the cleruchies. See 6, note.
[149]: From 413 to 404 B.C.
[150]: From 478 to 405 B.C.
[151]: See Isoc. 8.90.
[152]: Cf. Isoc. 7.74.
[153]: Cf. Eur. Alc. 802: οὐβίος ἀληθῶς ὁ βίος, ἀλλὰ συμφορά.
[154]: Cf. Isoc. 12.200.
[155]: The Spartan supremacy lasted from 404 to 371; the Athenian from 478 to 405 B.C.
[156]: From the reign of Eurysthenes and Procles, about 1072, to the battle of Leuctra, 371 B.C. For the stability of the Spartan constitution see Isoc. 12.257.
[157]: See Isoc. 4.110 ff.
[158]: An example of this caution is the advice of King Archidamus at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War. See Thuc. 1.80.
[159]: So also Andocides, Isoc. 8.29.
[160]: Chios revolted from Athens in 412 B. C. and supported Sparta with her fleet until the end of the Peloponnesian War.
[161]: Thebes was one of Sparta’s strongest allies against Athens. See Thuc. 4.93.
[162]: Instanced by the treacherous seizure of the Theban citadel (the Cadmea) by the Spartan Phoebidas. See Xen. Hell. 5.2.25 ff.
[163]: Cf. Isoc. 12.104. The “ten thousand” mercenaries led by the Spartan Clearchus to support Cyrus against King Artaxerxes were not officially dispatched, although sanctioned, by Sparta. For the fortunes of this army see Isoc. 4.145-149; Isoc. 5.90 ff.; and Xen. Anab.
[164]: An oligarchy was established there and 600 of the democratic faction were driven into exile. See Dio. Sic. 13.65.
[165]: This was done by Lysander in 404 B.C. See Dio. Sic. 13.70.
[166]: Greek settlements in Asia Minor. See Isoc. 4.144.
[167]: For example, Samos (Xen. Hell. 2.3.6), by expelling the democratic faction and setting up “decarchis” there.
[168]: Sparta supported Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse in extending his power over Greek cities in Sicily and Italy. See Diodorus xiv. 10 and cf. Isoc. 4.126, which should be read in this connection.
[169]: See Dio. Sic. 14.17.
[170]: See Xen. Hell. 4.5.19.
[171]: See Isoc. 4.126; Xen. Hell. 5.2.1.
[172]: See Xen. Hell. 5.3.21 ff. and Isoc. 4.126.
[173]: See Xen. Hell. 4.4.19.
[174]: For this word-play cf. Isoc. 5.61, note; also this discourse, Isoc. 8.105.
[175]: The best commentary upon the association here of self-control (moderation) with an inland power and of the opposite with a sea power is a very interesting passage of the Isoc. 12.115-116.
[176]: See Isoc. 4.80-81.
[177]: See 78.
[178]: See Isoc. 5.44, note; Isoc. 7.7, note.
[179]: For the excesses of the Thirty see Isoc. 7.66 ff.
[180]: Thrasybulus, the leader of the “people’s party,” seized the fortress of Phyle on Mt. Parnes and held it against the Thirty until the democracy was restored. See Isoc. 7.64, note.
[181]: Cf. Isoc. 2.45.
[182]: Cf. Pictures of the fate of despots in Isoc. 2.5, Isoc. 10.32 ff., and Plat. Rep. 579.
[183]: Cf. Cicero, Laelius15: “haec enim est tyrannorum vita nimirum in qua nulla fides, nulla caritas, nulla stabilis bennnevolentiae potest esse fiducia; omnia semper suspecta atque sollicita.”
[184]: Alexander of Macedon by his mother.
[185]: Astyages by Cyrus.
[186]: Acetas by Perdiccas; Jason of Pherae by Polydorus.
[187]: Alexander of Pherae.
[188]: See Isoc. 5.108, note.
[189]: Cf. the saying of Periander (Hdt. 3.53): τυραννὶς χρῆμα σφαλερόν· πολλοὶ δ′ αὐτῆς ἐρασταί εἰσι.
[190]: That is, if they apply the same standard of judgement to all similar cases.
[191]: The Thespians and the Plataeans, whom the Thebans expelled from their territory.
[192]: See Isoc. 15.155; Thuc. 1.2.
[193]: The Megarians were mere “nobodies” among the Greeks. Cf. Aristoph. Ach. 519, and the saying: τῶν Μεγαρέων οὐδεὶς λόγος. Isocrates could have ventured no more astounding paradox than in holding up the Megarians as an example to follow.
[194]: He means no lands or harbors to speak of, for the Megarians had both, though very little land.
[195]: Through commerce.
[196]: See Xen. Hell. 6.1.19.
[197]: By the Macedonians under Alexander II. and by the Thebans under Pelopidas.
[198]: An “unphilosophical” answer might be that no one coveted Megarian territory, whereas Thessalian resources were tempting. See a remark of Thuc. 1.2.
[199]: See General Introd. pp. xxxii, xxxiii, Isocrates, Vol. I., L.C.L.
[200]: Cf. Plat. Rep. 545b.
[201]: Obviously sarcastic: Their “supremacy” spells disaster to the state.
[202]: A century, from the reforms of Cleisthenes in 510 to the revolution of 411 B.C.
[203]: In 411 and 404 B.C.
[204]: False accusers, slanderers, professional blackmailers—a class of persons which sprang up like weeds in Athens after the age of Pericles. Their favorite device was to extort money by threatening or instituting law-suits. But the word was applied indiscriminately by Isocrates and others to demagogues and politicians of the opposite party. See Lafberg, Sycophancy in Athens. Cf. Aristoph. Pl. 850 ff. The term “flatterers” is used in 4.
[205]: Aristides restored the people after the rule of the Pisistratidae and Thrasybulus after the rule of the Thirty—both men of unblemished reputation.
[206]: A frequent charge. See Isoc. 12.140 ff.; Dem. 23.208-209. Aeschines (Aeschin. 3.173) makes it against Demosthenes himself: “he maintains himself, not from his private income, but from your perils.” The popular orators were in a strong position to make or break the fortunes or the reputations of men and of cities. Isocrates attributes the bad treatment of the general Timotheus by the Athenians to the latter’s failure to court the favor of the orators, which other military leaders took pains to do. See Isoc. 15.136. Generals in the field found oportunities to enrich themselves and were prudent enough to “cultivate” the popular leaders at home. Chares, particularly, had the reputation of doing this. See Isoc. 8.50, note. On the question of bribery at this time see Butcher, Demosthenes pp. 11 ff.
[207]: See Aristoph. Wasps 655-724.
[208]: Cf. Aristoph. Wasps 1114 ff.
[209]: See Isoc. 4.105.
[210]: Isocrates’ attitude towards Pericles is set forth at greater length in Isoc. 15.234.
[211]: Thucydides (ii. 65) calls him “incorruptible beyond suspicion.”
[212]: See Isoc. 8.69, note; Isoc. 15.234.
[213]: The burdens of state expense were theoretically carried by those best able to bear them. The twelve hundred richest citizens were divided in accordance with their wealth into twenty classes, called symmories. Special tax levies for war purposes were levied upon them in proportion to their means. Besides, men of the wealthiest class were called upon to perform the “liturgies” at their own expense. One of the most burdensome of these was the trierarchy—fitting out a battleship for service and maintaining it in fighting trim for one year. If a man called upon to undertake such a burden felt that another could better afford to stand the expense he had the right to demand that he do so or else exchange property with him. See Isoc. 15.145, note, and the introduction to that discourse.
[214]: Three obols a day were paid for the attendance of jury-men and of members of the General Assembly. See Isoc. 7.24, 54, and notes; Isoc. 15.152.
[215]: See Isoc. 15.314, note.
[216]: Cf. Isoc. 15.241.
[217]: This term is almost technical for the aristocratic party, but is here used in a broader sense. Cf. Isoc. 15.316.
[218]: Cf. Isoc. 15.318.
[219]: Aimed at Chares. Diodorus (xv. 95) says of him: τοὺς συμμάχους ἀδικῶν διετέλει. Cf. Aristot. Rh. 3.17: Ἰσοκράτης κατηγορεῖ Χάρητος ἐν τῷ συμμαχικῷ.
[220]: Cf. Isoc. 4.80.
[221]: Repeated from Isoc. 2.24.
[222]: He is now 81 years old.
[223]: Cf. Isoc. 4.80.
[224]: The Spartan kings were powerful in the field, but otherwise were subject to the Ephors, who could even have them put to death. See Gilbert, Greek Consitituional Antiquities pp. 46 ff. and 57 ff.
[225]: He has in mind the honors shown by the Athenians to the “tyrannicides,” Harmodius and Aristogeiton.
[226]: See Isoc. 5.80 and Isoc. Letter 2.6.
[227]: The ῥιψασπις was not only despised but suffered humiliations and penalties. In Athens, which was less rigorous than Sparta, he lost his political rights.
[228]: A somewhat academic close, but the state of affairs and the state of learning are not dissociated in his mind; “philosophy” is the salvation of the state.