[1]: a Diels, fr. 17.
[2]: b i.e. compounds (though, it may be, in different proportions) of the same four simple bodies—Earth, Air, Fire and Water—such as wood, the metals. and blood, flesh and marrow in animals. Such compounds, when divided, still retain the same constituents.
[3]: ᵃ Diels, fr. 8.
[4]: b Diets, fr. 21 lines 3 and 5.
[5]: ¹ τοῦ ὁμοίου addidi.
[6]: ᵃ i.e. Water and Air.
[7]: ᵇ Namely, that set up by Strife.
[8]: c Timaeus 52 D ff.
[9]: ¹ εἰ post ἢ omisi cum EH.
[10]: ᵃ Plato, Timaeus 53 c ff.
[11]: ᵇ De Caelo 299 a 6 ff.
[12]: c These terms are explained in Met. 935 b 15 ff.
[13]: ᵃ i.e. the Platonists.
[14]: ᵇ See De Lin. Insec. 968 a 9 ff.
[15]: ᵃ i.e. the sum of the separated parts.
[16]: ᵃ i.e. points of division and quality.
[17]: ᵇ Phys. 231 a 21 ff. e i.e. uncuttable.
[18]: ¹ οὐχὶ δέ J: om. cet. codd.
[19]: 2 καὶ H : ἢ.
[20]: a 328 a 23-b 22.
[21]: ᵃ Phys. i. 6-9.
[22]: b i.e. as “being ” and as “not-being.”
[23]: ᵃ In lines 10, 11 above.
[24]: ᵇ i.e. qualified, that is, changing in respect of quality, quantity or position.
[25]: c Phys. 258 b 10 ff.
[26]: a Usually called πρώτη φιλοσοφία.
[27]: ᵇ See 336 a 13 ff.
[28]: c Or “specific ” causes, as opposed to causes in the universal sense : ef. Phys. 195 a 27 ff.
[29]: a Fr. 8 lines 53 ff. (Diels), but Parmenides mentions this theory as being wrong.
[30]: ᵃ τοῦ μὲν (318 b 33) is answered by τοῦ δὲ (319 a 3), and the construction is broken by the parenthesis.
[31]: b i.e. in 318 a 33 ff.
[32]: c i.e. to the quetion raised in lines 3-5 above.
[33]: ᵃ i.e. the two parallel columns containing co-ordinate pairs; see W. D. Ross on Met. 1054 b 35.
[34]: ¹ post κοῦφον add. τὸ EL.
[35]: ¹ καὶ φθορᾶς post γενέσεως add. Bekker.
[36]: ᵃ i.e. either as itself occupying a place, or contained in something else.
[37]: ᵃ See Met. 1032 a 12 ff.
[38]: ᵇ Or “ form ”; see Met. l. c. 25 ff.
[39]: c In 320 a 27–b 12.
[40]: ᵈ Phys. iv. 6-9.
[41]: a In 320 a 27 ff. ᵇ i. e. steam.
[42]: b In 320 a 27 ff. ᵇ i. e. steam.
[43]: a i.e. the generation of air from water.
[44]: b i.e. the persistence of that which grows.
[45]: c In line 22 above.
[46]: ᵈ With λέγεται understand πλεῖον.
[47]: ᵃ i.e. the organic parts.
[48]: ᵇ i. e. the tissue.
[49]: 231 b
[50]: ¹ τὸ ἀνόμοιον addidi.
[51]: ¹ ηὐξήθη seclusit Joachim.
[52]: 2 φθῖνον L: φθίνει F : φθίνῃ H. a And not a growth of already existent tissue.
[53]: ¹ ἄνευ ὕλης seclusit Joachim.
[54]: 2 αὐλός . . . αὐλός . . . αὐλοί Joachim : ἄυλος. . . ἄυλος. . . ἄυλοι codd : tibia . . . tibia . . . tibiae vertit Vatablus.
[55]: ᵃ In 321 b 22 ff.
[56]: ᵇ i.e. the Pluralists, like Anaxagoras, Democritus and Plato, who regard Earth, Air, Fire and Water as composed of some prior constituents.
[57]: c i.e. other Pluralists, like Empedocles, who regard them as actual elements.
[58]: ᵃ Fr. 2 (Diels).
[59]: a Phys. 226 b 21-23.
[60]: ¹ εἴ τε Bonitz : εἴτε Bekker.
[61]: ᵃ i.e. immediately next to that which is moved.
[62]: a Of which the two opposites are species.
[63]: ᵇ Such as “health ” or “disease.”
[64]: ᵃ Namely, Parmenides and Melissus.
[65]: ¹ οὐκ E : οὔτι FHJL.
[66]: a i.e. the Monists.
[67]: ᵃ i. e. Leucippus and the other Atomists.
[68]: ᵇ i.e. the Atomists.
[69]: ¹ ταύτῃ τι J : ταύτη τι EL : ταύτη τοι F : ταύτο τι H.
[70]: ᵃ i.e. of the Atomist.
[71]: ¹ παθητικά EHL: -όν F.
[72]: See Phys. 190 b 24, 192 a 1 ff.
[73]: a i.e. the body is none the less impenetrable, even if it is held that the pores, though they contain bodies, are themselves, qua pores, empty channels.
[74]: b i.e. the very fact that a body is everywhere divisible makes it possible to open up a channel in it.
[75]: a It is difficult to extract any meaning from this sentence as it stands. Joachim supposes a lacuna after τῇ δὲ μή.
[76]: ᵃ The other two being ἁφή (ch. 6) and ποιεῖν καὶ πάσχειν (chs. 7-9).
[77]: a i.e. “white” and “knowledge” cannot exist by them.
[78]: 1 δ' EL.
[79]: ² μέμικται F : μεμῖχθαι E : δεῖ μεμῖχθαί τι L.
[80]: One of the Argonauts, famous for his keen sight (Apollonius Rhodius i. 153 ff.).
[81]: ¹ πῶς καὶ τίνος J¹Db: τίνος καὶ πῶς EJ²: καὶ τίνος καὶ πῶς HL.
[82]: ¹ αἰσθητῆς HJ: αἰσθητόν E: τὸ αἰσθητόν F: αἰσθητὸν ὄν L.
[83]: a Plato, Timaeus 51 A.
[84]: b Ibid. 49 D—50 c.
[85]: c Ibid. 53 c ff.
[86]: d Ibid. 49 A.
[87]: e Phys. i. 6 and 7.
[88]: ᵃ See 329 b 30 ff.
[89]: ᵃ i.e. are mathematically possible.
[90]: It is doubtful what is meant here. The commentator Philoponos suggests that it was a collection of otherwise unpublished doctrines of Plato and thinks that Aristotle is referring to a theory of Plato that there was “the great” and “the small” and a third ἀρχή, which was a mixture of these and served as matter; but there is nothing to support this theory. H. H. Joachim takes “the Divisions” to mean the
[91]: a De Caelo 304 b 23 ff.
[92]: a σύμβολα was originally used of two pieces of wood or bone broken away from one another and kept by the two parties to a contract as a means of identification.
[93]: ᵃ i.e. those which pass into one another by the “cyclical” process described in 331 b 2 ff.
[94]: a See Phys. 224 a 21 ff.
[95]: a Aristotle's πρώτη ὕλη.
[96]: b i.e. without having some quality attached to it.
[97]: c This was the doctrine of Anaximander.
[98]: ᵈ The “boundless” cannot exist without being qualified by a contrary; if it is qualified by a contrary, it is one of the elements.
[99]: e i.e. there can be no simple bodies but Earth, Air, Fire and Water. f Timaeus 54 B-D. g 331 a 12 ff.
[100]: h See 331 a 23 ff. and note.
[101]: ¹ ἐκ τῶνδε δῆλον add. Joachim.
[102]: a Bk. II. chs. 2 and 3.
[103]: ᵃ Fr. 17 line 27 (Diels).
[104]: ᵇ i.e. if one element is as hot as another is white, they have “by analogy” the same amount, one of heat, the other of whiteness.
[105]: ¹ ἴσως: ἴσον codd.
[106]: 2 ὁμοίως E: ὅμοιον FHL.
[107]: ³ δέμας H: γένος ΕFL.
[108]: 4 καθὰ EHL: καθάπερ F.
[109]: ᵃ Empedocles, fr. 37 (Diels).
[110]: ¹ κάτω EH: ἄνω FL.
[111]: ᵃ Although it is entitled περὶ Φύσεως.
[112]: b i.e. natural motion.
[113]: ¹ Fr. ἐστι EHJ : ἔστιν F : εἰ δ᾿ ἔστι.
[114]: a Fr. 53 (Diels).
[115]: ᵇ Fr. 54 (Diels).
[116]: a It is difficult to see any meaning in th words and they should perhaps be omitted.
[117]: ᵇ i.e. the case where one contrary destroys the other, (ines 6, 7).
[118]: c See 323 b 1 ff., where the law of the reciprocal action-and-passion of contraries is stated.
[119]: ᵃ i.e. the Earth as the centre of the universe.
[120]: ᵇ i.e. because the region in which mixed bodies exist consists mainly of earth.
[121]: c i.e. cold-dry (Earth) and cold-moist (Water).
[122]: d i.e. hot-moist (Air) and hot-dry (Fire).
[123]: ᵃ See 321 b 16 ff.
[124]: a Plato, Phaedo 96 A—99 c.
[125]: ¹ οὐ προσθεωροῦσι : οὐ [ρπσιεωρπὸσομ E : οὐ προθεωροῦσιν H : οὐχ ὁρῶσιν FL.
[126]: a Phys. ii. 3-9.
[127]: ᵇ See 335 a 32-b 7.
[128]: c Phys. viii. 7-9.
[129]: ᵈ i.e. the sun, see below.
[130]: e Phys. 260 a 26 ff.
[131]: a The revolution of the πρῶτος οὐρανός or outermost sphere which revolveS once every twenty-four hours.
[132]: ᵇ The annual course of the sun in the ecliptic circle.
[133]: ᶜ i.e. of the πρῶτος οὐρανός, which also involves the revolution of the concentric spheres.
[134]: d The inclination of the ecliptic to the equator of the outer-
[135]: ¹ ἡ ante περίοδός omisi.
[136]: 2 τὰ addidi.
[137]: ³ ἐνδελεχῆ FH : ἐντελεχῆ E.
[138]: ᵃ See 318 a 9 ff.
[139]: ᵇ Metaphysics, passim.
[140]: ᵃ Phys. 255 b 31 ff.
[141]: a Phys. 217 b 29 ff.
[142]: a The argument is as follows : let æ be one of the future members of the series of events, æ's occurrence is contingent on the future occurrence of a still later member of the series, which is itself contingent on a still later member, y. The occurrence of every subsequent member of the infinite series is therefore conditionally, not absolutely, necessary. If æ's occurrence were absolutely necessary, would be the begin-
[143]: ¹ κύκλῳ ὁ ἥλιος F, Bonitz.
[144]: a Rectilinear movement, proceeding ad infinitum, does
[145]: a The sun moves in a circle in the ecliptic, and solar motioin causes the cyclical changes of season, on which depend the vital periods of living things upon the earth.
[146]: ᵇ And not to be cyclical.
[147]: c In some cycles the same individual always recurs, in others successive individuals of the same specie.
[148]: ᵈ As was the doctrine of Empedoeles (ef. 315 a 4 If.).